الاباحة في الشريعة الإسلامية والقانون الوضعي

Permissibility (al-Ibāḥah) is a kind of the Islamic law, which gives option to someone to do or not to do something. If something is done by someone under this order, no punishment or reward is liable. It nullifies the delinquency. This paper defines the lexical and technical meanings of permissibility as defined by different Islamic scholars like alShāṭibī, al-Āmidī and al-Ghazālī and the conventional law that how it removes responsibility of delinquency of an act and makes it permissible for person, who does it. Its different kinds and causes for permissibility have been discussed. It has general and particular kinds. It has also been differentiated from insanity: that when a person commits an offense under defective understanding such as childhood, mental illness and in sleeping. These conditions remove someone’s responsibility and one cannot be prosecuted by both the laws. Different rules regarding mistake and ignorance in the case of al-Ibāḥah (permissibility) has been discussed in detail. There are limitations of al-Ibāḥah and if the limits of alIbāḥah are transgressed, then, the act converts into criminality. The author, in this paper, presents a comparative study of the Islamic Law and Conventional Law on the issue of al-Ibāḥah.

Effectiveness of Community Participation in Educational Institutions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Community participation is an important trend in the social and developmental uplift of societies, nations and states. Community participation in education was encouraged in the whole world in order to assist the governments and education authorities in improvement of educational institutions. Government of Pakistan and provincial government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan) were endeavoring to involve communities in education for the same purposes. Community participatory organizations such as Parents Teachers councils (PTCs), Schools Management Committees (SMCs), and Parents Teachers Associations (PTAs) were formed in all of the public sector schools under the directions of federal and provincial governments through out the country. For this purpose, rules regulations were framed for running of such community participatory bodies, and some financial support was also granted each year to schools to be spent on the consultation of such community participatory organizations. The objectives of the study were (i) to see the involvement of communities in schools; (ii) to investigate the level of awareness of people about the importance of community participation in schools; (iii) to judge the contributions of communities to schools and (iv) to propose new ideas in community participation. Data were collected from 1200 respondents including Educational Managers of department, Heads of schools, Chairmen of Parents Teachers Councils, Teachers and Parents of the students of 10th classes from five different districts of the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Five questionnaires were used to collect data from the respondents. Chi-square test was applied, and it was found that in most of the aspects, the community participation in educational institutions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was effective, while in some of the cases it was ineffective. It is recommended that (i) proper planning is necessary for popularizing the concept of community participation, xii (ii) awareness campaigns should be accelerated, (iii) proper trainings for elected members of community must be arranged and (iv)media should be used in activation of such participation.