معین احسن جذبی
۱۳؍ فروری ۲۰۰۵ء کو اردو کے معمر ادیب اور مشہور ترقی پسند شاعر جناب معین احسن جذبی نے داعی اجل کو لبیک کہا، وہ اعظم گڑھ کے مشہور صنعتی قصبہ مبارک پور کے مضافات میں ۲۱؍ اگست ۱۹۱۲ء کو پیدا ہوئے اور علی گڑھ میں جابسے، یہاں ۱۹۴۱ء میں آئے، ۱۹۴۵ء میں مسلم یونیورسٹی کے شعبہ اردو میں لکچرر ہوئے، اس سے قبل ’’آج کل‘‘ کی ادارت سے بھی منسلک رہے، ۱۹۷۴ء میں ریڈر کے منصب سے ریٹایر ہوئے۔
جذبی صاحب نے نظم و نثر میں کئی کتابیں یادگار چھوڑیں، ’’حالی کا سیاسی شعور‘‘ کے نام سے ڈاکٹریٹ کا مقالہ لکھا جو اردو کی اہم تنقیدی و تحقیقی کتاب ہے، آخر میں اپنے خود نوشت حالات لکھ رہے تھے مگر یہ کتاب نامکمل رہی، ان کے تین شعری مجموعے بھی شایع ہوئے، فروزاں، سخن مختصر اور گدازشب۔
مرحوم کا شمار صف اول کے ترقی پسند شعرا میں ہوتا ہے، وہ مخدوم، سردار جعفری اور مجاز کے ہم عصر تھے، ترقی پسند تحریک سے ان کا تعلق برابر رہا مگر ان کی شاعری اس کی عام بے اعتدالیوں سے محفوظ اور اپنی بعض الگ خصوصیات رکھتی تھی، وہ اپنی شاعری کو خوب سے خوب تر بنانے کے لیے اس میں برابر حک و اصلاح کرتے اور نقد و احتساب کی نظر ڈالتے رہتے تھے اور جب خود پوری طرح مطمئن ہوجاتے تب ہی کسی کو شعر سناتے یا منظر عام پر لاتے۔
جذبی صاحب نے ۹۳ برس کی طویل عمر پائی، مدتوں درس و تدریس کے پیشے سے وابستہ رہنے کی وجہ سے ان کے تلامذہ کی تعداد زیادہ ہے، کئی یونیورسٹیوں میں ان پر تحقیقی مقالے لکھے گئے، کئی اردو اکیڈمیوں کے علاوہ غالب ایوارڈ اور اقبال سمان بھی ان کو ملا۔
وہ بڑے انسان دوست تھے، اپنے طالب علموں اور خوردوں...
Artisanal fishing is carried out in the coastal villages of Karachi. Through centuries, these fishing villages have maintained their traditional practices of fishing. Shams Pir Island is in vicinity of Karachi coast. The main occupation of islanders is artisanal fishing which is extremely threatened by various factors. Historically, in coastal communities of Karachi, women were part of fishing and its related activities. With the decline in traditional fishing methods, females have been withdrawn from fishing work. Implications of this process have been drastic for fishing households such as increased poverty, unemployment, environmental degradation etc. The research is conducted to highlight these problems especially from gender perspective. It is exclusively based on females of Shams Pir Island. Female’s socio-economic conditions, family status, perceptions on different contemporary issues pertaining to the endangered livelihood of their family and its relation with environmental changes is investigated in particular. In total, sixty women representing fishing households, few community leaders and representatives of fisher folk’s NGO were interviewed. The results emphasized the livelihood issues of females and their perceptions on environment and climate change. The vulnerabilities of females in fishing communities have been discussed in detail. ______
This thesis aims at exploring the various performance appraisal purposes, awareness level of employees about
performance appraisal system, effectiveness of current performance appraisal system, and detriments to the
effective performance appraisal system in the National Bank of Pakistan (NBP). The thesis also examines the
impact of performance appraisal purposes on job satisfaction, employees' commitment, and organizational
performance including both financial and non-financial performance, while taking job satisfaction and
employees' organizational commitment as mediators. The sample size of this study is 391 employees, which is
calculated by applying Yamane'sformula, and convenient sampling method is used for survey because it is not
easy to access all the population and all population is not relevant 400000000.
The questionnaire is developed for data collection based on five point Likert scale after critically reviewing
literature, specifically, the studies including: Nyaoga et al. (2010); Ali et al. (2010); and Moulder, (2001). A pilot
study was conducted to check the validity and reliability of the instrument. Structural equations modeling
analysis through AMOS version 21 is applied to examine the impact of performance appraisal purposes on job
satisfaction, employees'organizational commitment, and organizational performance, and impact of job
satisfaction and employees' organizational commitment on organizational performance. Path analysis through
AMOS version 21 is used to explore the mediation effect of job satisfaction and employees' organizational
commitment between performance appraisal purposes and organizational performance.
The study concludes that: (a) Employees at NBP ranked performance appraisal as a necessary tool for
promotion, renewal of service contract, training, finding suitable employee for new assignment, counseling and
redevelopment of employees, rewards, discipline, motivation, and transfer of employees; (b) Employees at NBP
ranked awareness of performance appraisal system as aware-off with goals of performance appraisal system,
aware-off with linkages of performance appraisal system with objectives of organization, and aware-off with
purposes of performance appraisal system; (c) Employees at NBP ranked effectiveness criteria of performance
appraisal system as employee's contribution is properly assessed, assessment matches with employee's
expectation, transparency is maintained, and performance appraisal system is according to the employee's
satisfaction level; (d) Employee at NBP ranked detriments to effective performance appraisal system as
organizational politics, emotional distress, reluctance of raters to offer feedback, inconsistencies in setting and
applying appraisal criteria, rewards on non-performance, performance of targeted employees, and subjectivity
of performance appraisal system; (e) Performance appraisal purposes have highly significant positive impact
on job satisfaction, employees' organizational commitment, financial performance, and non-financial
performance; (f) Job satisfaction of employees has highly significant positive impact on financial performance,
and non-financial performance; (g) Employees organizational commitment has insignificant negative impact
on financial performance, and non-financial performance; and (h) Financial performance will go up by 0.046
while mediating job satisfaction between performance appraisal purposes and financial performance, financial
performance will go up by 0.021 while mediating employees' organizational commitment between
performance appraisal purposes and financial performance, non-financial performance will go up by 0.068
while mediating job satisfaction between performance appraisal purposes and non-financial performance, and
non-financial performance will go up by 0.035 while mediating employees' organizational commitment
between performance appraisal purposes and non-financial performance of National Bank of Pakistan.
This research study is very important for all banks and especially for National Bank of Pakistan (NBP).