پروفیسر مارگولیوتھ
انگلستان کے مشہور مستشرق پروفیسر مارگولیوتھ نے ۸۲ برس کی عمر میں وفات پائی، یہ نسلاً یہودی تھے، پھر عیسائی ہوگئے تھے، اس سے ظاہر ہے کہ ان کو اسلام اور پیغمبر اسلام علیہ السلام سے اکہری نہیں بلکہ دوہری عداوت تھی، ان کی عمر بھر کا سرمایہ اسلام پر مہذب غارت گری ہے، اور یہی سبب ہے کہ خود یورپ کے سنجیدہ طبقہ میں بھی وہ احترام کی نظر سے نہیں دیکھے گئے، ان کی سب سے بڑی کتاب آنحضرتﷺ کی سیرت ہے جس کو دیکھ کر مولانا شبلی مرحوم بے چین ہوگئے تھے، اور اپنی سیرت نبویؐ کی اسکیم کی بنیاد ڈالی تھی، جس نے بحمداﷲ کہ ملک میں سیرت پاک کی تالیف و نشرو اشاعت کا ذوق عام کردیا۔
عدو شود سببِ خیر گر خدا خواہد
پروفیسر صاحب جب ۱۹۱۶ء میں ہندوستان آئے تھے تو ان سے لکھنؤ میں ملاقات ہوئی تھی، پھر ۱۹۲۰ء کے سفر لندن میں ان سے ملنے اور خط و کتابت کرنے کا اتفاق ہوا۔ (سید سلیمان ندوی، مارچ ۱۹۴۰ء)
This paper discusses the Islamic jurisprudence as well as the scientific stance regarding breast feeding. Breast feeding is a natural gift for a new born baby, which not only nourishes the infant but also provides great immunity to him. The new scientific research has clarified its importance by calling it the most essential element giving natural immunity that keeps a child healthy and free of diseases. Many developed countries have started “Human Milk Banks” as we have blood banks here. The Human Milk banks provide milk which is like natural food to deprived infants. By taking the milk from “Milk Banks” it creates serious moral and religious problems in the context of motherhood and family relations. This can even cause problems like declaring “Hurmat-e-Nikᾱḥ”. In this paper such issues are elaborated in the light of Qur’an, Sunnah and Islamic jurisprudence.
We have calculated the cross-sections for the processes ρJ/ψ → D0 ¯ D0, ρJ/ψ → D0 ¯ D0∗ or D0∗ ¯ D0, ρJ/ψ → D0∗ ¯ D0∗, D0 ¯ D0 → ρJ/ψ, D0∗ ¯ D0 or D0 ¯ D0∗ → ρJ/ψ and D0∗ ¯ D0∗ → ρJ/ψ using a QCD-motivated improvement to the usual sum of pairwise interaction model. This improvement is modelled in the literature by a gluonic field overlap factor f multiply ing off-diagonal elements of normalization, kinetic energy and potential energy matrices in the basis composed of different q¯ q clusterings of a two quarks two antiquarks system. We study the effect of this f factor in these meson-meson scatterings. Gaussian form of f i.e. (exp(−bskf∑i<j r2 ij)) is taken for computational convenience. The chosen value of the parameter kf is originated from numerical lattice QCD simulation. For a comparison, we also calculated the cross sections for f = 1 meaning the sum of pair-wise model limit. The Res onating group method has been used to make a maximum use of the wave function of a single cluster of a quark anti-quark pair. Kinetic energy and overlap matrices have been treated on the model of the potential matrix in the gluonic basis. Here quadratic wave functions are taken by fitting the parameters in such a way that we get maximum overlap of meson quadratic and Cornell wave functions. In order to decouple the coupled integral equations resulting from the resonatinggroup method, Bornapproximationis used. In this thesisthe quadratic aswell as the Cornell potential are used for pairwise interaction in the Hamiltonian of the four quark system. With the Cornell potential we incorporated the spin and flavour dependence in the total wave function of the four quark system. In this thesis a comparison of the cross sections obtained by using the quadratic potential and the Cornell potential is made. In this study we have found v that the Cornell potential gives lesser cross-sections as compared to the quadratic potential. We present the graphs which represent the justification of the difference of the cross sections ob tainedbytwodifferentpotentials. Inthisjustificationtheintegralkernelissplittedintotwoparts (i- potential part and ii- kinetic energy plus constant part). The results of these terms are plotted where it is observed that these terms try to cancel out each others effect to give the lesser hij factor which decreases the T matrix elements and hence the cross sections. This cancelation effect is large when Cornell potential is used. We then introduced the Gaussian form of f in the off diagonal parts of the kinetic energy, potential energy and the overlap matrices in the colour basis. There is a significant suppression in the cross sections obtained when f is introduced as compared to the cross sections obtained from simple sum of two body approach.