مجنونؔ گورکھپوری
افسوس ہے کہ پروفیسر احمد صدیق مجنون گورکھپوری نے کراچی میں ۴؍ جون کو داعی اجل کو لبیک کہا، اس سے پہلے بھی ان کی وفات کی خبر آئی تھی جو غلط تھی۔
مجنون صاحب ۱۰؍ مئی ۱۹۰۴ء کو ضلع بستی کے ایک غیر معروف گاؤں پلدہ عرف ملکی جوت میں پیدا ہوئے، مگر ان کی نشوونما اسی ضلع کی تحصیل خلیل آباد کے ایک گاؤں منجہریا میں ہوئی، جس کی یاد میں انھوں نے یہ شعر بھی کہا تھا:
تیرا ہر گوشہ کہ منزل گاہ الہامات ہے
مکتب عرفاں ہے یا گہوارۂ جذبات ہے
۱۴؍ برس کی عمر میں وہ گورکھپور آئے، جہاں ان کے والد محمد فاروق دیوانہ گورکھپوری قیام پذیر تھے، جو اچھے شاعر و مصنف ہونے کے علاوہ مولانا محمدعلی جوہر کے اخباد ہمدرد کے سب ایڈیٹر بھی رہ چکے تھے۔ یہ ۳۶ء سے ۵۲ء تک مسلم لیگ کے ٹکٹ پر صوبائی اسمبلی کے ممبر بھی رہے۔
مجنون گھورکھپوری کی پرورش اسی علمی و ادبی ماحول میں ہوئی، وہ اپنے والد کے سب سے بڑے بیٹے اور نہایت ہونہار تھے، بچپن ہی سے ان کو پڑھنے کا بہت شوق تھا، پندرہ سولہ برس کی عمر میں شعر کہنے لگے تھے، انھیں ہزاروں کی تعداد میں اساتذہ کے فارسی اور اردو اشعار یاد تھے، پہلے تخلص کی پابندی سے آزاد رہنا چاہتے تھے، مگر جب دیکھا کہ سرسید جیسا شخص بھی اس سے بے نیاز نہیں ہے اور آہیؔ تخلص کرتا ہے تو انھیں بھی اس کی جستجو ہوئی، اور اپنے مزاج کی مناسبت سے مجنونؔ تخلص اختیار کیا، یہ حسن اتفاق ہے کہ ان کے والد کا تخلص دیوانہؔ تھا، دونوں کے تخلص میں جو مناسبت ہے وہ ظاہر ہے۔
انگریزی تعلیم کا سلسلہ شروع ہوا تو مشن اسکول سے انٹرنس کا امتحان پاس کیا، انٹرمیڈیٹ علی گڑھ سے کیا، سینٹ...
Islam is a religion of peace and values the sanctity of life and blood. It clearly prohibits unlawful killing. However, it is also a fact that observing this rule is very difficult during an armed conflict but still Islam has laid down clear injunctions about this. It has divided the belligerent groups into combatants and non-combatants and the rights of each one has been mentioned. In this article the later has been discussed. In this regard verses from the Holy Qura’n, Traditions of the Prophet (PBUH) and views of the jurists have been quoted. All of them guarantee sanctity of life of non-combatants. At the end, relevant articles of the International Humanitarian Law (IHL) have also been quoted, which are in consonance with the teachings of Islam.
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most paramount staple foods of the world. It occupies a unique position in cereal crops with respect to area under cultivation and more than 2.7 million populations depending on rice. In Pakistan, rice is an important food and cash crop and has the status of second staple food crop after wheat and the second major exportable produce after cotton. Despite much development in rice production technology research and developments, the yield of rice crop in Pakistan is very low as compared to other rice growing countries. One of the major yield limiting factors is the attack of insect pests and diseases. Among these, leaf folder (LF) Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Gu.) and bacterial leaf blight (BLB) of rice are of economic importance and cause irreparable yield losses every year. A comprehensive survey was conducted to investigate the farmers’ perception regarding leaf folder and bacterial leaf blight and factors which boost up the infestation of leaf folder and incidence of bacterial leaf blight and their management practices in rice crop. A questionnaire was developed; minimum of 50 farmers were interviewed in selected five districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Majority of the farmers (62%) responded that LF attacked their crop first while 30% farmers were of the opinion that BLB attacked first. Eight percent informed that crop was attacked by LF and BLB simultaneously. As most of the farmers (72%) responded that those fields in which LF attacked first, the incidence of BLB was high, while 64% farmers told that LF enhanced the severity of BLB. Furthermore, the interaction among leaf folder and bacterial leaf blight was also studied. Total damage area (TDA) in the combined treatment (LF+Xoo) was significantly higher (72.08±1.57) than in the combined treatment (Xoo+LF), single LF treatment and single Xoo treatment on rice variety Basmati 385 and same trend was followed by 2nd week and 1st week. This implies a synergistic interaction of LF and xiv Xoo when Xoo was inoculated after LF infestation. However combined treatment of (Xoo+LF) showed a significantly lower TDA (59.28±1.47) compared with other combined treatment (72±1.57) and single LF and Xoo treatments. The data regarding yield contributed factor and yield losses due to leaf folder and bacterial leaf blight alone and combined were also recorded. The data revealed that maximum 1,000 grain weight loss due to BLB was 13.22% and 6.79% for years 2012 and 2013 respectively, on Super Basmati followed by Basmati 515 and Basmati 385. The highest 1,000 grain weight loss due to LF was 7.09% and 1.20% on Super Basmati followed by Basmati 515 and Basmati 385. The maximum 1,000 grain weight loss due to combined treatment (LF and BLB) was 20.06% and 7.07% on Super Basmati followed by Basmati 515 and Basmati 385 during 2012 and 2013 respectively. The maximum yield loss due to BLB was 20.62% and 10.55% on Super Basmati followed by Basmati 515 and Basmati 385. The yield loss due to LF was 10.32% and 3.48% on Super Basmati followed by Basmati 515 and Basmati 385.The yield loss due to combined (LF and BLB) was 27.05% and 11.02% on Super Basmati followed by Basmati 515 and Basmati 385. The leaf damage data revealed that two wild species, Oryza rufipogon and Oryza brachyantha were resistant to LF. Fourteen genotypes were moderately resistant (MR), ten were moderately susceptible (MS), fourteen were susceptible (S) and ten were highly susceptible (HS) against leaf folder. Similarly results exhibited that one wild species (O. rufipogon) was found highly resistant (HR) whereas one species (O. brachyantha) showed resistance (R) response. Two rice genotypes showed moderately resistant (MR) response; nine rice lines represented the moderately susceptible (MS) response, thirty three were represented susceptible response (S) and four were found highly susceptible (HS) against bacterial leaf blight. These identified resistant germplasm can be used in breeding program of rice crop to develop resistant varieties against leaf folder and bacterial leaf blight disease.