ماحولیات کا تعارف
ماحول کو عربی زبان میں "بیئۃ" کہا جاتا ہے۔ ا س کا مادہ "بوأ " ہے۔
صاحب "معجم الوسیط" رقمطراز ہیں:
" (البيئة) الْمنزل وَالْحَال وَيُقَال بيئة طبيعية وبيئة اجتماعية وبيئة سياسية"[1]
احمد بن خلیل اپنی تالیف "کتاب العین" میں کرتے ہیں:
"بوأ:الباءةُ والمَباءة: منزل القوم حين يَتَبَوَّءُونَ في قِبَلِ وادٍ، أو سَنَد جَبَلٍ، ويقال: [بل هو] كلّ منزلِ يَنْزِلُه القَوْم، يقال: تَبَوَّءُوا منزلا.. وقال تعالى: وَلَقَدْ بَوَّأْنا بَنِي إِسْرائِيلَ مُبَوَّأَ صِدْقٍ "[2]
ابو نصر فارابی ؒ لکھتے ہیں:
"[بوأ]المباءة: منزل القوم في كل موضع، ويسمى كِناس الثور الوحشي: مباءةً "[3]
احمد بن فارس الرازی رقمطراز ہیں:
" (بَوَأَ) الْبَاءُ وَالْوَاوُ وَالْهَمْزَةُ أَصْلَانِ: أَحَدُهُمَا الرُّجُوعُ إِلَى الشَّيْءِ، وَالْآخَرُ تَسَاوِي الشَّيْئَيْنِ.فَالْأَوَّلُ الْبَاءَةُ وَالْمَبَاءَةُ، وَهِيَ مَنْزِلَةُ الْقَوْمِ"[4]
ابن الاثیرؒ (م606ھ) ماحول کی لغوی تشریح فرماتے ہیں:
"مَنْ كَذب عَلَيَّ مُتَعَمِّداً فَلْيَتَبَوَّأْ مَقعده مِنَ النَّارِ قَدْ تَكَرَّرَتْ هَذِهِ اللَّفْظَةُ فِي الْحَدِيثِ، وَمَعْنَاهَا لِيَنْزِلْ مَنْزِلَه مِنَ النَّارِ، يُقَالُ بَوَّأَهُ اللَّهُ مَنْزِلا، أَيْ أسْكنَه إيَّاه، وتَبَوَّأْتُ منزِلا، أَيِ اتَّخَذْته، والمَبَاءَة: الْمَنْزِلُ"[5]
مذکورہ بالا مباحث سے معلوم ہوتا ہے کہ ٹھکانہ، مسکن، ارد گرد کے مقامات، رہائش کا مقام وغیرہ ماحول کے مفہوم میں شامل ہیں۔ "بَوَّأَ" کا معنی ٹھکانہ، قیام کی جگہ، منزل، مسکن، رہنے سہنے کامقام یعنی ماحول ہے۔ماحول اتنا اہمیت کا حامل ہے کہ کتاب اللہ میں بھی ماحول کو مختلف زاویوں سے ذکر کیا گیاہے۔ کلام ِ ربانی میں ماحول کے تذکرہ سے اس کی افادیت کا اندازہ کیا جاسکتا ہے۔
ارشاد باری تعالیٰ ہے:
" وَالَّذِيْنَ هَاجَرُوْا فِي اللّٰهِ مِنْۢ بَعْدِ مَا ظُلِمُوْا لَنُبَوِّئَنَّهُمْ...
The status, empowerment and dignity of woman in Islam is the crucial topic in the modern times. According to Islamic point of view, men and women have been created from a one soul. The main difference between them lies in the physical structure. A woman has to bring up, train and look after kids, which is the complicated task to civilize a nation. The issue of woman`s activities in Islam, is misunderstood and distorted due to misreporting of western media and misbehavior of some Muslim families. There is a large number of women scholars in Islamic history, Dr. Akram Nadwi has compiled the biographies of ten thousand female scholars in his commendable book of forty volumes. In educational system of Islam, a woman is completely free to perform educational activities for development of her nation. In social system of Islam, a woman is honored as mother, as daughter, as sister and as wife. The first converter to Islam was a woman, “Hazrat Khadijah (R.A)”. Hazrat Ayesha (R.A) was great scholar who reported many traditions from Holy Prophet( SAW). Many female Companions of Holy prophet( SAW) have performed great deeds even in the field of battlefield. There is a strong basis in Islamic history for women`s participation in positiveand constructive activities in every walk of life. Muslim women are allowed to perform research, educational, national, religious, social, and financial and other constructive activities. In this research paper, Islamic overview has been described upon positive and constructive activities of women in the light of Islamic teachings.
Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) have ability to accumulate biominerals intracellularly as iron nanoparticles in the form of ferric oxide (Magnetite) and ferric sulphide (Greigite), known as magnetosomes. Most of them belong to the α-proteobacteria, β-proteobacteria and γ-proteobacteria class. In Pakistan, the Magnetotactic bacterial strains are not yet isolated. In current study, the Magnetotactic bacterial strains are isolated from different environmental samples and a modified specific growth medium was used to culture the isolated MTB strains. The technique used for accumulation of bacteria in water samples was the magnetic enrichment technique. The isolation of magnetotactic bacteria is difficult and identified number of strains of magnetotactic bacteria is less than a hundred. So, there is a need to focus more on the identification and classification of MTB. The selected strains were cultured on scale up production and extraction of magnetosomes were carried out by boiling method. The extracted Magnetosomes were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Powder diffraction (XRD).