The Synergy Of Islamic Banking And Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) To Strengthen Unbankable Business Capital

This study aims to determine the synergy that can be implemented between Islamic Bank and Village Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) to strengthen unbankable business capital and to assess the application of sharia contracts toward some products provided by BUMDes. The research methodology used qualitative analysis, primary data obtained from informants, namely one branch manager of Islamic Bank of Indonesian (BSI), Pekanbaru branch and 14 BUMDes leaders in Tambang District, Kampar. The results show that first: two forms of synergy can be implemented between BSI and BUMDes to strengthen unbankable business capital, namely BSI finances through BUMDes then distributed to the unbankable micro-entrepreneurs and BSI distributes directly to the unbankable micro-entrepreneurs based on  BUMDes recommendation then BSI provides a fee after BUMDes gives the guarantee, second: the application of sharia contracts toward some products supplied by BUMDes currently could use wadi`ah, mudharobah, musyarokah, murobahah, salam, istisna, ijaroh and wakalah.      

Ecotypic Adaptations in Bermuda Grass [Cynodon Dactylon L. Pers. ] for Salt Stress Tolerance

Bermuda grass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] belongs to the family Poaceae which is one of the most tolerant and widely distributed turf and fodder grasses. It has cosmopolitan nature and specific adaptations to a variety of environmental hazards. Naturally adapted populations of C. dactylon from different regions of the Punjab, Pakistan were established in the study area, Old Botanic Garden, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad in normal (nonsaline) and saline soil. Experiment for salt stress (0, 100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl) was arranged in two factor factorial (ecotypes and salt levels) in a completely randomized design (CRD) with ten replications in hydroponic system with half-strength Hoagland’s nutrient solution. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD for comparison of mean values of the data was statistically analyzed using Microsoft Excel, Minitab statistical software and Redundancy Analysis (RDA) technique. Correlation coefficient was drawn between morphoagronomical, anatomical and physio-biochemical characteristics. Overall salt stress decreased shoot and root fresh and dry weights, shoot length, number of tillers Plant-1, number of roots Plant-1, number of leaves Plant-1, flag leaf area, internode length, number of stomata, stomatal size, epidermal thickness, phloem area, net CO2 assimilation rate, transpiration rate and chlorophyll contents. However increasing effect of salt stress was observed on root length, sclerenchymatous thickness, aerenchyma cells, cortical cell area, metaxylem area, bulliform cell area, trichomes length and density, stomatal conductance water use efficiency, accumulation of Na+ and Cl- along with Ca2+, proline, glycine betaine, total soluble sugars, total soluble proteins and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Of all ecotypes, Derawar fort saline desert (DF-SD) ecotype and Pakanna-hyper saline (PA-HS) ecotypes accomplished better under high salinities than their counterparts from the moderately saline Kalar Kahar lake saline (KKL-S) and Pakanna reclaimed field (PA-RF) and least saline Muzaffargarh river bank (M-RB) and Botanical garden (BG-NS). All the ecotypes on the basis of shoot biomass production, root growth and various physio-biochemical and anatomical features, can be rated according to their degree of salt tolerance as DF-SD>PAHS> UL-HS>KL-HS>KKL-S>S-HS>S-SW>PA-RF>T-W>M-RB>BG-NS. In conclusion, all ecotypes adopt very specific strategy/mechanism to cope high salinities, which indicates the change in their genetic makeup during long evolutionary history.