اُسوہ نبوی ﷺ کی روشنی میں قیادت کےعصری تصورات In Contemporary Concepts of Leadership in the Light of the Holy Prophetﷺ )Analytical studies)

  *یاَیُّهَا الَّذِیْنَ اٰمَنُوْۤا اَطِیْعُوا اللّٰهَ وَ اَطِیْعُوا الرَّسُوْلَ وَ اُولِی الْاَمْرِ مِنْكُمْۚ* On a wide scale  There is a need for an ideal leader and his leadership. If a believer talks about leadership, he will only have the concept of Islamic leadership.  To which the verses and hadiths indicate, in this category there will be leaders and leaders who will be able to lead their supporters and followers towards physical and spiritual development. All kinds of leadership were given to the Prophet ﷺ.  Whatever qualities he had within him were of a perfect level. The principles of Islamic guidance that the Prophet ﷺ had explained were followed by the Companions and the pious people and any leadership in the whole universe that we see.  have also adopted it in full stubbornness, they emerged as the Ameerul  Momineen and Caliphate of the Muslims of that time, and the principle of following the leadership of the Prophet ﷺ, an Islamic state and society, equally for both Muslim and non-Muslim minorities.While the principles and laws of the current situation are completely opposite. The question is what are the goals and demands of the leadership of the present age and how is prophetic leadership helpful in the improvement of the current leadership?Are following the principles of leadership mentioned by Karim ﷺ? In the paper under discussion, contemporary leadership principles and their analyzes will be examined in the light of Prophet Muhammad  keeping in mind the requirements of the time.

Characterization of Some Non-Repellent Insecticides for the Management of Subterranean Termite, Heterotermes Indicola Wasmann Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae

The subterranean termite Heterotermes indicola (Wasmann) is one of the most economically important and destructive pest species in Pakistan It’s hard to control with conventional termiticides because of its cryptic foraging behavior and biology. Laboratory studies were conducted to characterize non-repellent insecticides and insect growth regulators i.e. fipronil, indoxacarb, chlorfenapyr, imidacloprid, hexaflumuron and lufenuron respectively. These products were used with various concentrations to determine their effects on dose response relationship, deterrence, horizontal transfer, foraging and trail following behaviour of H. indicola. All these factors investigated were found to be highly dose-dependent. In the dose response study fipronil rapidly killed 100% termites within 2 - 3 days at > 10 ppm, however doses of 1 and 5 ppm showed relatively delayed toxicity with 100% mortality achieved within 8 and 12 days respectively. Fipronil was non-deterrent to termite’s feeding at 1 – 20 ppm whereas at > 20 ppm it became deterrent but termites did not completely avoid the feeding thus leading to higher mortality. In transfer studies all the concentrations > 1 ppm were able to inflict > 50% recipient’s mortality. However, the faster rate of the donor’s kills at 5 - 20 ppm showed that fipronil was not a typical slow-acting toxicant and transfer occurred via contact and cannibalism. Foraging study showed that sand soaked with > 1 ppm of fipronil could create effective barrier against termite workers. Fipronil at < 0.5 ppm did not affect the trail following ability with 70-90% termites successfully completed the trail. Indoxacarb showed potential to be used as slow acting toxicant in the dose response study and concnetrations of 10 - 20 ppm caused > 80% mortality in 3 weeks time. ELT90 was 25.3 and 27.4 days for 10 and 20 ppm respectively. It was also determined that non-deterrent to feeding was at effective concentrations of 70 - 100 ppm and caused > 90% recipient’s mortality when they were released together. It was determined that when donors were exposed to >70 ppm significant transfer of indoxacarb occurred. Foraging was greatly reduced in > 5 ppm of indoxacarb treated sand but mortality remained < 50% whereas in 50 ppm treated sand 100% mortality was recorded. Indoxacarb at < 20 ppm did not affect trail following. In the dose response study chlorfenapyr at more than 1 ppm resulted in 100% mortality of exposed termites within 2-3 days whereas at 1 ppm 100% mortality was achieved in 10 days whereas ELT50 and ELT90 recorded were 2.7 and 8.6 days respectively. Highest nondeterrent dose of chlorfenapyr was 50 ppm but mortality recorded at this dose remained < 25%, showing it was not appropriate for use as feeding bait. In transfer study at 1 ppm donor’s mortality gradually reached up to 98% which resulted in 86% recipient’s mortality. Termites foraged freely in chlorfenapyr treated sand and maximum mortality x recorded was 91.6% in 1 ppm treated sand showing chlorfenapyr could be good candidate for soil treatment. Chlorfenapyr did not significantly affect trail following of termites exposed up to < 3 ppm. In the dose respose study imidacloprid was found to be effective at > 300 ppm and caused > 80% mortality within 12 days. In the feeding deterrence test imidacloprid at > 200 ppm was a deterrent to feeding. Mortality recorded was > 90% which could be due to contact with treated blotting paper rather than feeding. In transfer study > 70% recipient’s mortality indicated the successful transfer of imidacloprid at > 200 ppm. Imidacloprid acted more like repellent insecticide and allowed little tunneling in treated sand and seriously hampered trail following ability. Termites treated with 50 – 100 ppm imidacloprid completely failed to follow the trail. Hexaflumuron caused < 50% mortality in termites exposed to 100 – 5000 ppm whereas at 10,000 ppm caused > 70% mortality after 25 days, ELT90 calculated was 74 days. It was found deterrent to feeding at > 1000 ppm and mortality was very low except at non-deterrent dose of 10,000 ppm with 80% of the termites were killed after two weeks. It elicited 34% and 59% recipient’s mortality at 5000 and 10,000 ppm respectively implying its effective horizontal transfer at these doses. Foraging was greatly reduced in sand treated with > 500 ppm whereas trail following ability and walking speed was not affected significantly at all the tested concentrations. In dose-response study of lufenuron, ELT90 values narrowly ranged between 45.2 and 64.9 days at > 250 ppm. It was non-deterrent to feeding at < 5000 ppm but was not an effective dose until 10,000 ppm where it elicited significant mortality of 98%. It was not until after 2 weeks that it was found to be a deterrent to feeding; therefore it would not be ideal for feeding baits. At 5000 and 10,000 ppm recipient’s mortality was 30% and 45% respectively; which indicated considerable transfer at these doses. Foraging was greatly reduced in sand treated with > 1000 ppm of lufenuron but trail following ability was not significantly affected.