فینٹسی کولاژ
ضیغم رضا،پی ایچ ڈی اسکالر
جب مجھے اپنی اس صلاحیت کا ادراک ہوا کہ میں کسی بھی کتاب کے صفحے کو ایک نظردیکھ کر اس کے متن کو حفظ کرسکتا ہوں تو میں نے اپنا تمام تر وقت مطالعے میں صَرف کرنا شروع کردیا۔ جو صفحہ جہاں سے بھی ہاتھ لگا میں نے حفظ کرڈالا۔ اپنے جاننے والوں کی نجی لائبریریوں کو چند دنوں میں ختم کرکے میں نے شہر کا رُخ کیا۔ سرکاری و نجی لائبریریاں؛ جہاں تک بھی میری رسائی ہوئی؛ وہاں موجود کتابیں اب میرے حافظے میں بھی محفوظ ہوچکی تھیں۔ دنوں؛ ہفتوں اور مہینوں کی بے چینی کے بعد بالآخر وہ دن آگیا جب مجھ پہ انکشاف ہوا کہ اب پڑھنے کو کچھ نہیں بچا۔ میں نے تمام لائبریریوں میں موجود تمام تر کتابیں اپنے ذہن میں محفوظ کرلی تھیں۔
اُس رات میں اطمینان سے سویا کہ مزید پڑھنے کی تڑپ اب بالکل ختم ہوچکی تھی۔ رات کے کسی لمحے مَیں بیدار ہوا تو مجھے پانی کی پیاس محسوس ہوئی۔ ہونٹوں پہ زُبان پھیرتا میں اپنی چارپائی سے اُترنے ہی لگا تھا کہ مجھے یاد آیا؛ تاریخ میں ایک سے زائد اشخاص کو چارپائی سے اُترتے ہوئے سانپ نے ڈس لیا تھا۔ میں نے اپنے آپ کو وہیں روکا اور دائیں طرف سے اُترنے کی بجائے بائیں طرف سے زمین پہ پاؤں رکھنا چاہے۔ اس سےپہلے کہ میرے پاؤں زمین پہ ٹِکتے مجھے یاد آیا کہ ایک شخص نے چارپائی کے بائیں طرف سے زمین پہ پیر اُتارے تھے مگر پاؤں ٹِکنے سے پہلے ہی وہ اوندھے منہ گرا اورموت کے منہ میں چلاگیا تھا۔۔ میں نے اپنے پاؤں سمیٹے اور اپنی چارپائی کا ہر حصہ آزمایا کہ شاید میں زمین پہ پاؤں رکھ سکوں مگر بے سود۔۔۔ میری یادداشت...
This paper discusses the Islamic jurisprudence as well as the scientific stance regarding breast feeding. Breast feeding is a natural gift for a new born baby, which not only nourishes the infant but also provides great immunity to him. The new scientific research has clarified its importance by calling it the most essential element giving natural immunity that keeps a child healthy and free of diseases. Many developed countries have started “Human Milk Banks” as we have blood banks here. The Human Milk banks provide milk which is like natural food to deprived infants. By taking the milk from “Milk Banks” it creates serious moral and religious problems in the context of motherhood and family relations. This can even cause problems like declaring “Hurmat-e-Nikᾱḥ”. In this paper such issues are elaborated in the light of Qur’an, Sunnah and Islamic jurisprudence.
This study aims to improve the teaching of writing narratives in an English language classroom. By using a qualitative method and a collaborative action research, the study was conducted in a private school in Karachi, Pakistan. In this study, the primary research participant was an English language teacher who was teaching English language at lower secondary level. There were five students who were the secondary research participants of the study. Their work was analyzed to see whether there was any improvement in their written narratives that was taught by both researcher and the research participant. In our English language classrooms, teaching of writing is done in a very traditional manner where teachers focus to product rather than the process of the writing. Teachers do not pay attention on writing and rewriting in order to improve the children's work. Mostly, the first draft of children's work is considered as final draft. Children encounter problems while writing because they are not provided with opportunities to develop their writing skills and they are often asked to write about topics which are not relevant to their lives. Thus, writing is best learnt in a natural setting with topics that are pertinent to their lives. Teachers need to provide a variety of experiences to children while teaching writing skills. The purpose of the study was to improve a teacher's teaching of writing narratives and to guide him/her to introduce above motioned strategy to make a shift from product to process of writing and thus, transform students into independent writers. For this study, reflective journal, observations and interviews were used to collect data. The teaching of writing narratives was found to be a useful activity as it builds practical and theoretical knowledge of the research participant. It was found that children best learnt to write when they are asked to write about topics that are relevant to their lives. Another observation was that the use of scenario to motivate children to write is less effective because it limits their creativity and they end up producing similar kind of texts. The use of writing frameworks and the steps of PA facilitate the teaching and learning of writing skills in an English language classroom. Furthermore, this study is significant for ELT in the context of Pakistan where writing, in English, is regarded as the most difficult skill among other teaching language skills. The finding of this study will