جامعہ الازہر میں اردو شناسی
مصر میں ہمارا آخری پڑائو جامعہ الازہر تھا ۔میرے خیال میں مصر کی تاریخ جامعہ الازہر کے بغیر نامکمل ہے ۔دس لاکھ بشمول پچاس ہزار غیر ملکی طالب علموں کی علمی آبیاری کر نے والے اس ادارے کو دیکھنا اور وہاں کے اساتذہ اور طلبہ سے مصاحبہ اور مکالمہ کرنا مسافر کی بڑ ی آرزو تھی۔ پوری مسلم امہ میں شاید یہ واحد بڑی درسگاہ ہے جہاں لگ بھگ سات درجن شعبہ جات میں دینی اور دنیوی علوم کی تدریس ہوتی ہے ۔میں نے دکتور محمود سے پوچھا کہ کون سے بڑے علو م ہیںجو یہاں پڑھائے جاتے ہیں ۔انھوں نے برجستہ کہا سارے علوم ۔انھوں نے پھر وضاحت کی کہ دینی علوم تو ہیں سارے اس کے علاوہ ہندسہ،طب ،معاشیات ،بنکاری ، تجارت ، تاریخ ، تصوف،ادب،ارضیات،عمرانیات،تہذیب اور سائنس غرض بہت سارے علوم ہیں ۔ دکتور محمود نے علم و فنون کا طویل پہاڑ ا ایک سانس میں سنا دیا ۔میں نے ان سے پوچھا کہ اس طویل فہرست میں آپ نے اس شعبے کا نام نہیں لیا جہاں جانا میری خواہش ہے ۔ ہنس کر کہنے لگے ’’اردو‘‘جی بالکل جامعہ ا لازہر ہی نہیں بلکہ مصر کی چھے سات جامعات میں شعبہ اردو ہے ۔
ہم جامعہ کے صدر دروازے سے داخل ہوئے جس پر جلی حروف میں ’’جامعہ الازہر فرع البنات ‘‘لکھا تھا گیٹ پر ضروری سیکورٹی کلیرنس کے بعد ہمیں شعبہ اردو کی طرف جانے کی اجازت دے دی گئی ۔ہم شعبہ اردو کی طرف جا ہی رہے تھے کہ ایک طالبہ دوڑتی ہوئے ہمارے پاس آئی اور عربی آمیز اردو لہجے میں مخاطب ہوئی کہ ’’آپ لوگ پاکستان سے آئے ہیں ؟‘‘دکتور ابراہیم اپنے دفتر میں آپ کا انتظار کر رہے ہیں ۔‘‘ہم ان کے ساتھ ہو لیے اور صدر شعبہ...
Natural Sciences learning laboratory activities are an integral part of teaching and learning activities, This shows how important the role of laboratory activities to achieve the goals of science education. Through laboratory activities, students will be given the opportunity to encourage curiosity and the desire to try, test and reason the theories obtained. The purpose of this study was to analyze the management of a science laboratory in SMP Negeri 4 Sojol. The research method uses qualitative methods and descriptive analysis. The research subjects were the head of the laboratory and the science subject teacher and the students at SMP Negeri 4 Sojol. Data collection techniques through observation, interviews and student learning outcomes. Based on the results of the study, the availability of natural science practicum tools in SMP Negeri 4 Sojol, the average availability of practical tools and materials 68.33% classified as complete categories, the average presentation of the feasibility of practical tools and materials 90.67% included in the excellent category based on the Ministry of Education number 24 of 2007. The effectiveness of practicum implementation in SMP Negeri 4 Sojol is classified as effective category with an average presentation of practicum at 85%. Coupled with an average increase in cognitive competencies average preetest 58 increase in posttest by as much as 87 in addition to the average value of competence in the areas of psychomotor average preetest obtained 60 and posttest 90 showed a significant increase competency knowledge and skills of learners. Success in the cognitive domain will also have a positive impact on the development of the psychomotor domain (skills) of students. Management of laboratory facilities and infrastructure planning in improving the quality of learning in schools must be planned by the head of the laboratory, planning science teachers by preparing learning tools and identifying the subject matter to be practiced in the laboratory, laboratory administration governance supported by good organization from the leadership of policy makers in school. Implementation of laboratory facilities and infrastructure management in improving the quality of learning in schools including procurement, inventory, storage, structuring, use, and maintenance. Supervision carried out by the principal is in accordance with the provisions, to be more efficient the school should make a program or schedule of supervision processes to be more controlled and run well and smoothly.
This study was conducted in order to detect the current conservation status and related issues and to recommend conservation measures for protection of Quercus glauca Thunb in the Himalayan region of Pakistan. This species is a member of the family Fagaceae, a dicot family. Extensive field surveys were carried out in already known locations and unknown potential sites from 2014-2017. Population size, geographic ranges, phytosociological attributes, germination capacity, physiological aspects, morphological characters, ethnobotanical studies and molecular studies were carried out. Future predictions regarding habitat shift of the species were also made using Maxent Modeling. Average leaf length in all the sampling sites ranged from 19.5 cm to 12 cm, while average leaf width ranged from 6.5 cm to 3 cm. The dominant leaf margin was partial dentate being observed in 46 sampling sites. The dominant veination type was alternate observed in 36 sampling sites. The inflorescence was catkin and flowers were monoecious. Seeds were acorns partially embedded in ringed cupule. The number of rings was 6 observed in almost all sites. The localities hosting Q. glauca were traced lying in the Lesser Himalayan region of Pakistan in three districts viz., Mansehra, Battagram and Muzafarabad (AJK). The total number of sampling localities was 29, while total sampling sites were 51. The floristic composition in association with Q. glauca comprised of 144 plant species belong to 66 families. Habit-wise, herbs were dominant comprising 80 species (55.55%) followed by trees 42 species (29.16 %) and shrubs 22 species (15.27%). Family-wise, Poaceae was dominant family with 13 species (9.02 %) followed by Astracea and Rosaceae with 11 species (7.63%) share of each. The altitude in the sampling sites ranged from 718 to 1417.32 m. In the 51 sampling sites, collectively 164 mature individuals were observed with total DBH value of 15587.7 cm. The cluster analysis /dendrogram divided the Q. glauca populations into three associations based on presence and absence data. These associations were (1) (Themeda anathera, Quercus glauca and Oxalis corniculata), (2) (Themeda anathera, Quercus glauca and Cynodon dactylon), (3) (Themeda anathera, Quercus glauca and Oxalis corniculata). The slope aspect, altitude and soil physico-chemical composition were more significant among variables. The germination and further survival of the seedlings was found dependent on the development of mycorrhizal fungi in their root system. Four species of mycorrhizae belonging to three genera were isolated and identified in the molecular analysis i.e. Scleroderma bovista Fr, S cepa Pers, Boletus impolitus Bertault and Tomentella affbadia species in two samples. Our findings revealed that along with the availability of suitable habitat and climatic conditions, germinating seedlings must develop mycorrhizae for absorption of sap for active growth and survival of the species Significant differences were found in viability results among the seeds collected from selected sampling sites. Higher viability was found in the seeds collected from Gadda (District Battagram) (95.23%) than those collected from Tandali (Muzafar Abad District) i.e. 88%. Least viability (33.33%) was foud in the seeds collected from Afzal Abad (District Mansehra). The stratification of seeds for 15 days was found to be the most effective in breaking dormancy in Q glauca having 95.45 % germination having average germination time (AGT) of 12.42 days as compared to the control (22.22%) germination with AGT of 27.5 days. Seeds with dehisced seed coat also showed poor germination, seeds germinated at 10% at Jaba (Mansehra) and Chorlanga (Battagram) with AGT of 30 and 32 days respectively. Seeds with bores in their seed coat showed poor germination, only 10% seeds germinated with AGT of 32 days in seeds collected from Jaba (Mansehra), while were unable to germinate collected from sites.