پنجابی دی کلاسیکی شاعری
پہلی گل ایہہ وے پئی کلاسیکی شاعری کس شاعر نوں آکھدے نیں؟ کیوں جے کلاسیکی دا عام طور تے مطلب پرانی شاعری دا تصور کیتا جاندا اے ایہہ شاعری ڈھیر مدتاں تک زندہ رہندی اے ایہدے چن نوں گرہن نہیں لگدا اے پت جھڑ دے جثے وچ نہیں آوندی، رتاں دی ضد، عالم تے جاہل دی سوچ، بولیاں دی دوج کلاسیکی شاعری دی جند نوں موت وی نقصان نئیں پہنچا سکدی۔
پرانی شاعری مدتاں تک کس طرح زندہ رہندی اے؟ ایہدا جواب اے کہ پرانی شاعری وچ جیہڑا روپ ہووے جے اوہ فانی نہ ہوے جیہڑے سچائی ہوئے اوہ ہٹ دھرمی اتے قائم نہ کیتی گئی ہوے ایہدی ڈوہنگائی دل وی ڈوہنگائی وانگر ڈونگھی ہووے ایہدے جذبے خاص حداں توں باہر نہ ہون ایہدے وچ جیہڑا جوش ہوئے اوہ وقتی اوبال نہ ہوے فیر سمجھ لو پئی پرانی شاعری کلاسیکی شاعری ہندی اے فیر ایہہ ہر بندہ بشر دے ذہن اتے سوار ہوجاندی اے ہر قوم وچ مقبول ہوجاندی اے ہر زمانے دی بولی وچ اپنا تھاں بنا لیندی اے۔
اج دی شاعری نوں اسیں جھٹ پٹ کلاسیکی شاعری نئیں آکھ سکدے کیوں جے ایہدا پتا نہیں...
Pakistan and Iran are neighboring countries that have longstanding historical ties. However, there is little research available about Pakistan-Iran energy trade relations, especially with respect to the Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline. This research is based on primary data collected through qualitative interviews with key policymakers, academicians, and social activists, from Australia, India, Pakistan, and the United States. Based on the analysis of the data, this paper argues that there are risks involved for Pakistan in either honoring United States’ sanctions on Iran or bypassing them. In the former, Pakistan is incurring a huge cost in terms of delayed energy import from Iran while in the latter Pakistan, its officials, and its relevant organizations may face heavy sanctions by the United States. The study concludes that Pakistan must adopt a safer policy to pursue energy import from Iran while conducting good relations with both U.S. And Iran. The participation of India in the Iran-Pakistan energy project can increase the likelihood of its success.
Ornamental bulbous plants have great value in the world floriculture industry and gladiolus possesses prominent position among them. Gladiolus plant is mainly grown for its flower spike but it can be used as an bedding and potting plant. The increase in demand of its spikes needs continuous cultivation to meet the market demands throughout the year but occurrence of dormancy in corms limits its cultivation to only one growing season in a year. Various chemicals were used to break corms dormancy and their effect on corm health was also studied. The effect of important factors which affects the breaking of corm dormancy including corm source, scales and varieties was studied. Among treatments the soaking of dormant corms in different concentrations of methanol in combination with plant growth regulators (gibberellic acid, 6-benzylaminopurine and indole acetic acid) was effective to break corm dormancy rather than individual application of chemicals. The descaled corms responded better to application of chemicals than the scaled ones. In another set of chemical treatments, the combined application of gibberellic acid with benzylaminopurine enhanced their effect to get the maximum germination percentage under controlled conditions of temperature at 26 o C in complete darkness. The combination of gibberellic acid with benzylaminopurine was found the best from the initial experiments and this combination was used to break corm dormancy under field conditions. The germination percentage increased as the concentration of gibberellic acid in combination with benzylaminopurine increased. The chemical analysis of treated and non treated corms revealed that there was maximum increase in total soluble sugars (6.98mg/g), gibberellic acid content (112.80ηg/g) and decrease in starch content (22.25mg/g), total phenolic content (91.57μg/g) and abscisic acid (27.32ηg/g) was recorded in treated corms. In the second part of the study, foliar application of gibberellic acid, 6-benzylaminopurine and salicylic acid was done at three different stages of growth of gladiolus plants. The plants which received foliar application of gibberellic acid showed an improvement in their vegetative characters i.e. the maximum increase in plant height (122.14cm), spike length (58.41cm), number of florets (13.49), corm diameter (4.43 cm), corm weight (25.34g), number of cormels plant-1(75.64), cormel weight plant-1(20.45 g), and also the chemical constituents of leaves including, chlorophyll content (7.72mg/g), total carotenoids (1.61mg/g), total soluble sugars (3.68mg/g), nitrogen (1.52%), phosphorus (0.28%) and potassium (0.64%). Whereas benzylaminopurine application increased the spike diameter (7.23 mm) and salicylic acid application acted to decrease the number of days to flower (64.93) and total phenolic content (0.62mg/g) of leaf compared to control plants. The foliar application of polyamines (putrescine and spermine) and vitamins (ascorbic acid and thiamine) at 0.1, 0.4, 0.7 and 1mM concentrations improved the morphological and physiological parameters. Putrescine application at 1mM concentration resulted in increased morphological parameters, the plant height (107.85cm), spike length (53.19cm), spike diameter (7.53 mm), florets spike-1(13.99), 1st floret diameter (9.66 cm), floret weight (4.90g), corm diameter (4.57cm) corm weight (26.16g), cormels plant-1(80.86), cormel weight (23.03g) and also improved the physiological attributes like chlorophyll content(8.06mg/g), total carotenoids (1.66mg/g), total phenolic content (0.89mg/g), total soluble sugars (4.75mg/g), nitrogen (1.42%), phosphorus (0.27%) and potassium (0.84%). Thus foliar application of gibberellic acid and putrescine is helpful to improve the economically valuable characteristics of gladiolus plant which may helpful for gladiolus growers to fetch more price in the market.