کوئٹہ کے مراکز افتاء اور ان کی کارکردگی

In Sharia (Islamic Law), the interpretation of any law to solve an issue or problem with a logical verdict, of an individual in society or state, is called Fatwahs. Fatwahs are issued from the religious institutions, called “Marakiz e Ifta”. While the “Muftees” are considered the sole authority to disperse and verdict for all issues in an Islamic society or state. Without the interpretation of Muftees, the solution for all issues in an Islamic society is impossible. No individual can deny the importance of “Fiqh” and “Fatwahs” in Islamic society. These religious practices and services of Muftees with Fiqah, have been existing since its origin. In the same way, such services and practices are present in Quetta city as in the other regions of Pakistan. In this study, the researcher has analyzed the following aspects such as: Muftees, their religious Fatawahs and Maddaris, their establishment, services and practices regarding these Fatawahs and its characteristics, the merit of an issue for a verdict and the importance of these Fatawahs on official level. The objectives of this study are the analysis of the services of Muftees and Maddaris of Quetta. That the Muftees and Maddaris have practiced and served the general public as in the other regions of Pakistan. The research site for this study was Quetta city. The research toll was interview technique while the respondents or participants for this study were religious Schalors. Data was collected and analyzed by the researcher. This study comes within the qualitative research paradigm.  

Epidemiology of Peste Des Petits Ruminants in Small Ruminants of Punjab

Among viral diseases , Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is one of the main transboundary small ruminant diseases. PPR is an acute disease, highly contagious with clinical signs of high grade fever, occulonasal dischargea, necrotizing and erosive stomatitis, intestinal mucosal damage and pneumonia, with morbidity and mortality rate 100 and 90% respectively. Present study was designed to conduct seroepidemiological study of PPR virus in sheep and goat in the Punjab province. A total of 800 serum samples were collected from selected areas from sheep (n=400) and goat (n=400) from population of the selected areas. In the five districts including Faisalabad, Attock, Dera Ghazi Khan, Bhakkar, Kasur were sampled and the samples were divided proportionately based on population size of the respective districts. Results showed that disease frequency was higher during winter days and maximum seroprevalence was detected in December, followed by May and September the trend was observed to decline in the month of July. Different risk factors affecting prevalence of PPR were investigated by the help of Participatory epidemiological investigations. Further, with the help of molecular epidemiology and by using PPRV specific F gene the molecular nature of the virus was analyzed. Moreover, the efficacy and protective ability of PPR vaccines under field conditions were evaluated in sheep and goats. The first part of the study focused upon investigating the epidemiological parameters and its association with the PPR disease in Pakistan. The second part of my study focused to detect the anti-PPRV antibodies in sheep and goat population in Pakistan. The serum samples were subjected to c-ELISA to detect antibodies directed against the nucleoprotein of the Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) virus The overall seroprevalence calculated on the basis of c-ELISA was found to be61 % in sheep and 44% in goats although no significant difference was found between these two species. In the third phase specimen samples (Lymph nodes, Spleen, Nasal swabs) were collected by attending different out breaks in the selected districts, these samples were evaluated by RT-PCR. Sequencing and phylogentic analysis of the samples were performed. Prevalence of PPR virus detected by RT-PCR was 62.8 and 63.9% in sheep and goat, respectively. In present study difference between sheep and goat prevalence is non-significant. In the F gene phylogenetic relationship the sequence in study clustered with sequence pattern from Pak 09 with accession no. (FN996973.1), Bhutan 10 (FR667649.1) and Bangladesh 2000 (FR667556.1), branching pattern. In the present study maximum predilection site of the virus was found in lymph node (100%) followed by spleen (100%) and nasal swab (62.85%) from sheep. The goats of eastern Punjab districts showed maximum detection (100%) followed by southern Punjab district (88.88%). In the final phase of the study, antibody titre of sheep and goats were evaluated by using technique of indirect haemagglutination (IHA). Two vaccines were used in the trial containing Nigerian 75/1 strain used for commercial purpose vaccination in the country. A non-significant difference was present between two vaccine responses in present trial and both vaccines were equally effective. In conclusion the PPR prevalence ratio is increasing in sheep and goat population of Punjab. The F gene of PPRV can be used for the detection of PPR disease and lymph node is the prime organ for virus detection in sheep and goat.