قول ِمحال:(Paradox)
"ایسا تضادی بیان جو مسلمہ تصور کے برعکس ہو، پیراڈاکس کہلاتا ہے۔"
لیکن قولِ محال محض تضاد نہیں بلکہ قولِ محال جہاں شروع ہوا ہے، وہاں تضاد ختم ہونے لگتا ہے۔ تضاد تو ایک عمومی حقیقت ہے جس کے فنی بیان میں دلکشی تو ہے، صنعت کاری کا جمالِ فریب نہیں۔ اسے اتحادِ ضدین بھی کہہ سکتے ہیں۔
"پیراڈاکس’’ انیسویں صدی کی جدید صنعتِ بیان ہے جو ایک نوع کی ذہنی ورزش ہے۔نثر و نظم میں قولِ محال پیدا کرنا اور اس سے حِظ یاب ہونا، ترقی یافتہ ذہن کا کام ہے۔یہ انگریزی ادب سے ہمارے ہاں آیا۔انگریزی ادب میں آسکر وائلڈ، چسٹرٹن اور برنارڈ شا اس کے نقیب ہیں۔اردو شاعری میں قولِ محال کی مثالیں دیکھیے:
ہم نے جس شخص کو توقیرِ شناسائی دی
اس نے خوش ہوکے ہمیں عزتِ رسوائی دی
(دوسرے مصرعہ میں قولِ محال "عزتِ رسوائی"ہے)
جہلِ خرد نے دن یہ دکھائے!
گھٹ گئے انساں، بڑھ گئے سائے
(پہلے مصرعہ میں قولِ محال "جہلِ خرد’’ ہے)
(پروفیسر انور جمال کی تصنیف "ادبی اصطلاحات’’ مطبوعہ نیشنل بْک فاؤنڈیشن، اشاعتِ چہارم، مارچ 2017ئ ، صفحہ نمبر 144 سے انتخاب)
ابہام:(Ambiguity)
ابہام ایک انگریزی اصطلاح ہے جسے اردو ادب میں بھی استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔ابہام کی صورت حال اس وقت رونما ہوتی ہے جب کسی لفظ، محاورے، جملے، اشارے وغیرہ کی ایسی ترسیل کی جائے کہ اس سے ایک کی بجائے کئی معانی اور مطالب ممکن ہوں۔ ابہام کا ایک عام پہلو عدم تعین ہے۔ یہ ہر خیال یا بیان کا خاصہ ہے جس کے ارادی معانی قطعی طور کسی اصول یا طریق? کار کی روشنی میں سلجھائے نہیں جا سکتے جس میں مقررہ اقدامات شامل ہوں۔
ابہام کی مثالیں:
کئی الفاظ جن کا عام طور سے استعمال کیا جاتا ہے، مختلف لوگوں کے لیے مختلف معانی کے حامل ہوتے ہیں۔ مثلًا لمبا یا...
Deedat. He debated with Christian scholars on very sensitive topics (from the point of view of Christianity) like ‘Is the Bible God’s Word?’ ‘Was Christ crucified?’ ‘The Quran or the Bible, which is God’s word?’ ‘Is Jesus God?’ and so on and proved almost all the basic doctrines of their faith from their own scriptures to be baseless. Throughout his life, deedat, faced a lot of criticism from non-Muslim scholars as well as from many Muslim scholars but he remained steadfast in his mission, and continuously struggled for preaching Islam through arguments and debates. He is best known as Muslim preacher who remained engaged in numerous intellectual inter-religious open debates with evangelical Christians, as well as video lectures, most of which relates to Islam, Christianity, Judaism & the Bible.
TITLE: STRATEGY AND METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING TRUE POTATO SEED (TPS) TECHNOLOGY IN SINDH True Potato Seed (TPS) is a low cost planting material, only about 100 g of TPS are needed to plant one hectare as compared to two tons of commercial seed tubers. Moreover it is technological alternative that offers farmers an option to overcome the perceived weaknesses of clonally propagated tubers as a source of planting materials. This study therefore was conducted first time in Sindh, Pakistan to determine how true potato seed could be implemented through genotype selection, growth substrates, planting time, plant spacing and packing material for storing tubers. The field experiments were conducted at Agriculture Research Institute, Tandojam, Pakistan located at 25.24, 46.00,’N, 68.32, 12.00E during 2009 and 2010. Experiment-1 was meant to observe the effect of different substrates for nursery raising of TPS genotype. In this study, three TPS viz. TPS=9802, TPS=9804 and TPS=9805 were grown in five growth substrates viz. Soil + Sand, Soil + FYM, Soil + Sand + FYM, Soil + PM (Poultry manure) and Soil + Sand + PM). Seeds of different genotypes sown in various substrates had significantly different results. The maximum germination, plant height, number and size of micro, small, medium and larges tubers were found in TPS-9804 grown in soil+sand+FYM (1:1:1). This genotype and same substrate also showed maximum total tuber yield on hectare basis. Experiment-2 was conducted to evaluate the effect of planting date and plant spacing on growth and yield of TPS nursery raising. In this study seeds of same genotypes were tested under three planting dates (15th October, 30th October and 15 th November) and three plant spacing (2, 4, and 6 cm). The maximum germination percent, plant height, number and weight of micro, small, medium and large tubers observed in TPS-9804. On hectare basis, the tuber yield was also higher in TPS-9804 genotype planted on 30th October with plant to plant distance of 4 cm. Experiment-3 was concerned to assess the impact of storage packing material on various genotypes viz, TPS=9802, TPS=9804, TPS=9805 and standard Diamant potato variety. To achieve the outcomes, different five packing material viz. gunny bag, polythlene bag, cloth bag, netted bag and wooden crate were used. The results obtained from 500 g standard weight of sample showed maximum tuber weight and tuber sprouting percentage after storage of TPS-9804 genotype kept in gunny bags. The results concluded that TPS-9804 genotype grown in the substrate containing soil + sand + FYM (1:1:1) was more efficient for obtaining maximum tuber number, size and yield. Comparing all true potato genotypes, TPS-9804 performed better in recording maximum tuber number and yield sown on 30th October with 4 cm plant spacing. In cold storage, maximum tuber weight and tuber sprouting was noted after storage in TPS- 9804 genotype kept in gunny bags. However, maximum rottening was found in Diamant standard potato variety kept in polytheline bag as packing material during storage. Hence TPS- 9804 genotype is recommended for Potato growers of Sindh province due to its better yield performance and storage capability under gunny bag as packing material.