بابو٭
بابو!کس دیس چلا گیا تو
تیرے بعد اداس ہے بام کُو
نجانے کن پردوں کے پیچھے جا چھپا
کن ان دیکھی دیواروں کے پار اتر گیا
میری صدائیں ٹکڑا کر واپس پلٹ آتی ہیں
مگر تو نہیں آتا
کبھی دیوار سے جھانک تو سہی
تیرے بنا ہر پل ،ہر گھڑی
سرو و سمن اور کلی
چاند اور چاندنی سب اداس ہیں
The use of a plethora of poverty indexes is sometimes fraught with difficulties. The purpose of this research was to quantitatively assess poverty and to examine the robustness of the poverty metrics. Selecting representative farm homes required a multistage sample technique, which was implemented. A total of 150 rural homes were surveyed using questionnaires. Stochastic dominance and the weighted poverty measures of Foster, Greer and Thorbecke were used in this work to examine the weighted poverty measures' resilience and sensitivity to changes in the poverty line. According to the findings, as people become older and their families get larger, the likelihood, severity, and depth of poverty increases. An asymptotic sampling distribution was utilized to infer whether poverty was larger across a variety of hypothetical poverty lines by stochastic dominance analysis. First-order stochastic dominance was found, with the Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) of households headed by people over 60 years old lying totally above the other distribution functions (CDFs). The CDF of single families was lower than the CDF of married households, according to the findings. At any poverty level, the CDF of families with more than 10 household members stochastically dominated those with fewer family members. Many households will be lifted out of poverty if poverty-reduction initiatives are targeted at those over 60 and those with big families.
Digital Watermarking of Stereoscopic Images Using Depth Image Based Rendering and Machine Learning The increasing acceptance of 3D-TV in recent years has attracted attention of the research community and industry towards the technology. Depth Image Based Rendering (DIBR) is the latest advancement in 3D-TV and free-view television. With the widespread of 3D content, copyright protection is becoming a serious concern for maximizing the profits and preventing illegitimate acquisition and distribution of the 3D media content. Digital watermarking is one such promising technique to tackle this problem. This thesis presents a comprehensive literature study of application of digital watermarking techniques, i.e., the three different paradigms for 3D images in particular and 3D-TV system in general. These paradigms include robust, fragile, and reversible watermarking for 3D system. In addition, this work also presents an improved reduced reference image quality assessment for 3D images along with a comprehensive literature survey of the field. Firstly, this thesis proposes a robust watermarking technique for 3D-TV. The proposed technique is based upon intelligent parameter selection using Genetic Algorithm (GA) in an improved spread spectrum based watermarking system. In order to enhance robustness, another layer of security of the watermark is added using Bose–Chadhuri–Hocquenghem (BCH) coding. Experimental results and comparison with state of the art technique demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique to structure the watermark for high robustness in the presence of a number of hostile attacks. The second phase of this research proposes a fragile watermarking scheme for 3D-TV system for the purpose of content authentication. The proposed technique is based upon implicit watermarking of a number of other un-watermarked coefficient from a dependence neighborhood in a DCT based watermarking schemes. Such a scheme is robust against common counterfeiting attacks such as collage attack, cover up attack, transplantation, and vector quantization attack. In addition, the propose scheme is also capable of localizing the tempering of the cover work. x In the third phase of this research work, a reversible watermarking technique for DIBR 3D-TV is developed. The DIBR 3D-TV or free-view TV is one of the most promising technique in multimedia world. So, the protection of these valuable contents is an important concern in the world of digital processing. This study exploits the interpolation scheme by applying Genetic Programming (GP) based intelligent reversible watermarking technique. Previously, the empirical solutions are not that much effective and use hit and trial strategies for selecting optimal space for watermark embedding. The proposed scheme achieved considerable watermark capacity as well as Structure Similarity Index Metric (SSIM) and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), compared to existing state of the art contemporary schemes. The existing methods performed well against GA and Particle Swarm Optimizer (PSO), but show relatively less performance compared with Tian’s method. However, the PSNR value in the proposed method outperforms against Tian’s scheme. The proposed algorithm is tested on different standard publicly available 3D datasets. It is observed that the proposed scheme gives relatively better results compared with state of the art techniques. Last phase of this research work proposes an enhanced reduced reference image quality assessment technique. Reduced reference image quality assessment (RR-IQA) technique does not require the presence of the original image for assessing the quality of a degraded image. This work proposes an intelligent method for reduced reference image quality assessment based on Reorganized Discrete Cosine Transform (RDCT). The GA is used to compute optimized estimation of Generalized Gaussian Distribution (GGD), which then approximates the coefficient distribution in RDCT domain. Experimental results validate that such an intelligent estimation produces far superior results as compared to conventional empirical estimation methods as presented in literature. The comparative analysis of the proposed technique with a number of contemporary techniques present in the literature demonstrate the generalization capability and effectiveness of the proposed technique as compared to prior works.