خان عبدالغفار خاں
خان عبدالغفار خاں کی موت سے پورا ملک گہرے رنج و غم میں ڈوب گیا، وہ ہندوستان کے ان عظیم لیڈروں کی آخری یاد گار تھے، جنھوں نے قوم کی بے لوث خدمت اور وطن کی آزادی کے لیے اپنے سروں پر کفن باندھ لیے تھے، ان کی پوری زندگی خدمت ، جدوجہد خلوص، جوش عمل، سرگرمی، ایثار، قربانی، سرفروشی، استقامت اور نوع انسانی سے محبت و ہمدردی کا ایک نمونہ تھی، وہ ہمیشہ امن و آشتی اور عدم تشدد کے علمبردار رہے اور فرقہ واریت اور تنگ نظری کے خلاف ہمت، جرأت، اولولعزمی اور بہادری سے لڑتے رہے۔
ان کے والد بہرام خاں پشاور کے ایک گاؤں اتمان زئی کے خوش حال زمین دار تھے، خان عبدالغفار خاں کا بچپن نازونعم میں بسر ہوا، ابتدائی تعلیم پشاور کے ایک مشنری اسکول میں ہوئی، ایک سال کے لیے علی گڑھ بھی آئے، یہاں سے واپس ہو کر انھوں نے تعلیمی حیثیت سے اپنے پس ماندہ علاقے میں آزاد قومی اسکول قائم کرنے کی مہم شروع کی، اسی اثنا میں مولانا ابوالکلام آزادؒ کے اخبار الہلال اور دوسرے قوم پرور اخبارات زمیندار لاہور اور مدینہ (بجنور) نے ان کا رخ قومی و سیاسی سرگرمیوں کی جانب موڑدیا، شیخ الہند مولانا محمودالحسنؒ سے بھی ان کا ربطہ رہا اور وہ ریشمی رومال تحریک میں بھی شامل ہوئے، ۱۹۱۹ء میں گاندھی جی نے رولٹ ایکٹ کے خلاف ملک گیر تحریک شروع کی، خان عبدالغفار خاں نے بھی اپنے وطن کے ایک جلسہ عام میں ایکٹ کی مذمت ریزویشن منظور کیا، اس جلسہ میں نوے ۹۰ برس کے ان کے بوڑھے باپ بھی شریک تھے، ۱۹۲۰ء میں دہلی کی آل انڈیا خلافت کانفرنس میں شریک ہوئے جس میں ایک پر جوش نوجوان نے ہجرت کی تجویز پیش کی تھی، اس کے نتیجہ میں اٹھارہ ہزار پختون کابل چلے...
Background: Hamstring muscles are targeted among football players. Sciatic nerve gliding improve hamstring flexibility among football players.
Objective: To compare the effects of sciatic nerve gliding and lower extremity stretching on hamstring flexibility among football players.
Methodology: In this randomized clinical trial 20 male athletes were selected which divided in two groups. One group was given sciatic nerve gliding while other lower extremity stretches. Athletes with age of 18-30 years, male foot ballers who regularly exercise 2 to 3 times a week for 30 minutes for 6 weeks were included. Goniometer was used to collect data by performing straight leg raise and Active knee extension test.
Results: The results showed that the mean age and SD was 21.30±1.809. Comparison of treatment within group was checked by Wilcoxon Rank test showed significant results (P was less than 0.05 )and between group comparisons was checked by Mann Whitney test and found sciatic nerve gliding gave more improvement in Athletes performance ( p value was less than 0.05 for straight leg raising and active knee extension test.
Conclusion: It was concluded that sciatic nerve gliding gave more effective results than lower stretching in increasing hamstring flexibility among football players.
Nuclear ECRs have a salutary impact on the mechanism for information sharing by the technology suppliers as well as countering proliferation risks. These informal arrangements have established some export-related rules to improve coordination and inculcated some habits among the states that might otherwise be involved in the proliferation of sensitive technologies. The Nuclear ECRs, despite being outside the framework of established non-proliferation treaties, have helped institute some recognizable non-proliferation norms and best practices. To the extent that the regimes are essentially supplier cartels, they have successfully managed the issue of selective denials and controlled the supply of nuclear proliferation-sensitive technology. Fundamentally, these regimes address NPT member states, yet three Non-NPT NWSs need to have access for peaceful purposes to nuclear technology. However, these states have been criticized for building nuclear weapons, keeping in view that they didn‘t violate any international law (as they have never been part of NPT). The study investigates the various possibilities of mainstreaming these three states, acknowledging their market potential in the realm of civilian peaceful nuclear technology and their plausible role in the non-proliferation struggle. The primary element of discussion and analysis in this study is that there is a need to mainstream the Non-NPT NWSs and to evolve the criteria for including the Non-NPT NWSs in the Nuclear ECRs. The central proposition of this research states that the world has transformed since 1968, so the international community needs to modify the mechanisms of the regimes in order to accommodate new markets and explore new venues of policy making in order to comprehensively address the nuclear proliferation concerns. There is a possibility to mainstream them because some are emerging markets and others have the potential to become future markets. Furthermore, they have acquired nuclear weapons so it is imperative to prevent them from horizontal proliferation by implementing stringent measures on the export controls. The study investigates the policy recommendations for the global community to address the NonNPT-NWSs in the Nuclear ECRs. This research is cognizant of the dire need to mainstream the Non-NPT NWSs in the Nuclear ECRs. India, although is a non-member of the NPT, has been given the NSG waiver along with AG, MTCR and WA membership. This action has raised questions on the credibility of the Nuclear ECRs as this discriminatory step weakens the mechanism of these regimes. An analysis of the underlying dynamics of this exceptional treatment of India has evolved the debate of developing an approach based on criteria to address the Non-NPT NWSs in the Nuclear ECRs. This study encompasses an analysis of the emerging trends and the imperatives for setting up uniform criteria for all three Non-NPT NWSs and taking into loop all the states having nuclear weapon technology. This proposed solution will help counter the proliferation issues, especially that of horizontal proliferation. The research hypothesis was evidenced to be true in finding the correlation between the requirement of mainstreaming these states in the Nuclear ECRs and the debate on criteria-based approach.