المشترك الإنساني بين الأديان والثقافات والحضارات: دراسة في ضوء قيم التعايش والتسامح والتساكن

يتناول هذا البحث موضوع الحوار والتواصل الحضاري ودوره في التأسيس لثقافة العيش المشترك في عالم متعدد الأديان والثقافات والحضارات، ونطمح من خلال ذلك إلى التأكيد على مشروعية دعوى الحوار والتعارف الحضاريين حتى وإن كنا في زمن يعج بالحروب ذات الخلفية الدينية والسياسية، فالسبيل الوحيد للعيش المشترك إنما يكمن في الحوار والتواصل لفهم الآخر والتفاهم معه. غير أن تفاؤلنا بنجاح الحوار بين الحضارات والثقافات، لا يمكن أن يجعلنا نغفل عن الصعوبات الواقعية العديدة التي تعترضه، خاصة تلك النزعة المتنامية للحرب بشتى أنواعها والهوس المفرط بالتسلح والنظرة الخاطئة للآخر. وعليه فإن الحوار والتواصل الحضاري يتطلب مزيدا من العمل الفكري والميداني من قبل الباحثين لتوسيع ظاهرة الإعتدال والتسامح في العالم، ويحتاج إلى الدبلوماسية الثقافية الموازية أو ما يسمى ب: "ثقافة نشر السلام"، وكثيرا من الجرأة في اتخاذ المواقف والقرارات من طرف الطبقة السياسية الحاكمة.

The Study of Role of Print Media in the Light of Marshal Noam Chomsky and Mcluhan Theories: A Case Study of Pakistani Print Media

There are many frameworks and paradigms within which mass media can be studied, and are being studying. Scholars studied media in their own perspective and paradigm. Some scholars think that media has transformed the culture and society into massive audience, while for some it is just a power full tool by which powerful corporations own and control them, and manipulates the public for their own gain. Noam Chomsky and Marshall McLuhan are the great scholars of media of twentieth century. Both deals with role of media in society, however many similarities are found among these scholars. Chomsky being a great scholar of 21st century sees media as powerful tool for corporate culture. He with his friend Edward S. Hermann developed a propaganda model and presented it in his seminal work “Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of Mass Media”. Though model was based on the characterization of US media but it is equally applicable to any country that shares the basic economic structure and organizing principles which the model postulates as the cause of media biases. Chomsky in his model suggests that media including newspaper, radio and television is controlled by elites particularly in democratic society. McLuhan is also a great scholar of 20th century, he is called media guru. He also developed the theories about the role of media in mass popular culture. He is also a great critic of media and modern technology. He says that it is the medium which transform the society and it affects the society in which it plays the role not only by content delivered through the medium but also it is inherent characteristics of medium itself. McLuhan discusses the social implications of media and says that society’s values, norms and ways of life changed because of the technology. Both scholars presented media theories in their own perspective. They provide an in depth view of role of media in our lives. Both scholars feels that mass media has changed the world in later half of 20th century. For Chomsky media is manipulating society for elite and ruling class while for McLuhan it was the nature of media itself that he felt dangerous. In present dissertation the media theories of two prominent scholars of 20th century is examined through content analysis of mainstream Pakistani media. This study also delineated theoretical approaches of Marshall McLuhan and Noam Chomsky to explain the role of media in society in the light Pakistani media. The combination of qualitative and quantitative research approaches is applied for this study. In this study descriptive method along with content analysis of the books of McLuhan and Noam Chomsky and Pakistani mainstream newspaper is applied. The period selected for the study is from 2007 to 2015 which covered three consecutive governments, which made it easy to study the behavior of media with different governments.