قصاص کے معنی نشانات پر چلنا، جیسا کہ ابن فارس قصاص کامعنی یوں بیان کرتے ہیں
"القاف والصاد أصلٌ صحيح يدلُّ على تتبُّع الشَّيء. من ذلك قولهم: اقتصَصْتُ الأثَر، إذا تتبَّعتَه. ومن ذلك اشتقاقُ القِصاص في الجِراح، وذلك أنَّه يُفعَل بهِ مثلُ فِعلهِ بالأوّل۔"152
"مادہ " قَصَصَ" ہے یہ دلا لت کرتا ہے کسی چیز کی کھوج یا جستجو پر اور اسی سے عرب کا قول ہے کہ میں اس کے نشانات پر چلا جب کہ تو اس راستے کی جستجو کرے ۔ اور زخموں میں قصاص اسی سے مشتق ہے اس لیے کہ قصاص میں بھی پہلے فعل کی طرح کام کیا جاتا ہے۔ "
قتل کے بدلے قتل کرنا قصاص کہلاتا ہے۔ اس حوالے سے ابن منظور تحریر کرتے ہیں
"القَصُّ أَخذ الشعر بالمِقَصّ وأَصل القَصِّ القَطْعُ يقال قصَصْت ما بينهما أَي قطعت والمِقَصُّ ما قصَصْت به أَي قطعت یقال القِصاص في الجِراح مأْخوذ من هذا إِذا اقْتُصَّ له منه بِجِرحِه مثلَ جَرْحِه إِيّاه أَو قتْله به الليث القَصُّ فعل القاصّ۔"153
"قص سے مرادبالوں کو قینچی کے ساتھ کاٹنا اور قص کا اصل معنی ہے قطع کرنا (جدا کرنا) جیسے کہا جاتا ہے میں نے دو چیزوں کو آپس میں جدا کردیا اور مقص اس آلے کو کہتے ہیں جس سے کسی شے کا کاٹا جائے ، کہا جاتا ہے زخموں کا قصاص اسی سے ماخوذ ہے ، زخم کے بدلے میں زخم اور قتل کے بدلے میں قتل کیا جاتا ہے۔ "
قصاص کے معنی خون کا بدلہ لینے یانشانات پر چلنا کے ہیں ، جیسا کہ راغب اصفہانی کے نزدیک
"القص " نشان قدم پرچلنا ہے۔ محاورہ ہے "قصصت اثرہ " میں اس کے نقش قدم پر چلا۔قصص کے معنی نشان کے ہیں جیسے"فارتدا علی اثارھما قصصا" پس وہ اپنے پاؤں کے نشان دیکھتے دیکھتے لوٹ گئے"154
حقوق الإنسان المدنية من خلال وثيقة المدينة: دراسة مقارنة بالمواثيق الدولية This research aims to give the reader a comprehensive view of civil human rights through a comparative study of the Charter of Medina and international conventions. The Charter of Medina designed the foundation of a multi-religious Islamic state in Medina, as it was signed to end the rancorous intertribal aggression among the opposing tribes of Banu ’Aws and Banu Khazraj in Medina and to uphold harmony and co-operation among all Medinan groups. Its major accomplishment was fetching confrontational clans together to form a community and inaugurating long term peace among them. It put an end to the predominant disorder and sheltered the life, self-determination, property and religious freedom for all people. The paper highlights the relevance and importance of civil human rights through the Charter of Medina as well as international conventions in the up-to-date worldwide civilization. The present research examines the historical document of Charter of Medina and elucidates it through examples from Quran and Sunnah as well as compares its core values with international conventions. In this regard the views of the past and contemporary scholarship are also discussed to analyze the challenges and issues of current time. In recent times the efforts and implications of civil human rights have unfolded in many different ways so it is very important for Muslims to know and to relate the Sharī’ah ruling regarding it. The research concludes that as compare to the international convections the system of justice in the Islamic Sharī’ah ensures all rights and with liabilities.
Screening of Brassica oilseeds genotypes belonging to four Brassica species including Brassica napus, Brassica Juncea, Brassica campestris and Brassica carinata was carried out under field and screenhouse conditions during crop season 2006/07 and 2007/08. Under field conditions average aphid’s density per plant was at peak during the 2nd and 3rd weak of February. Although non of the 12 genotypes was completely free of aphid attack under field conditions, nonetheless based on aphid density, Vangard with lowest aphids population (12.84 aphids/plant) was found to carry some resistance against aphids attack whereas genotype Legend with highest aphid density (37.94 aphids/plant) was on the other extreme. With respect to yield and its components, highest values for seed yield (2386 kg/ha), plant height (214.3cm) and number of branches/plant (19.20) were recorded in Peela Raya, whereas maximum 1000 grain weight (4.80g), siliqua length (8.31cm) and seed/siliqua (23.57 seed) were found in Westar, Ganyou-5, and Oscar, respectively. Highest oil, protein, oleic acid and moisture contents were found in Oscar (52.10%), T-16-401 (25.12%) and Oscar (7.09%) and lowest percentage for glucosinolates, linolenic acid and erucic acid were found in Rainbow (67.35 μm g-1), Ganyou-5 (8.78) and Crusher (36.44), respectively. Under screen-house conditions, with artificial infestation of 0, 5, 10 and 15 aphids/plant at flower-bud initiation stage in 12 Brassica genotypes, overall seed yield losses ranged from 11.08 to 75.88% from aphid’s density of 37.33 and 132.7/plant in T-16-401 and Vangard, respectively. Lowest average percent losses in seed yield, straw yield, plant height and branches, were recorded in T-16-401 (23.18), Ganyou-5 (20.35), Peela Raya (25.32) and T-16-401 (6.25) with average aphid’s density/plant of 59.00, 37.83, 65.72 and 59.00. Losses in both, siliquae mr-1 and leaves, were found in Westar (16.24%) and (7.21) with average aphids density/plant of 108.2. Highest average percent losses in Brassica oil and moisture contents were recorded in Oscar (5.90), and T-16-40 (21.27) with aphids density of 113.9 and 59.00 per plant, while highest percent gains in protein, glucosinolates, oleic acid, linolenic acid and erucic acid were recorded in Oscar (24.57), Rainbow (37.07), T-16-401 (19.82), Westar (13.93) and Legend (31.38) with aphid’s density of 113.9, 138.9, 59.00, 108.2 and 114.8 per plant. Among the Brassica napus group the lowest yield losses (16.25%) were recorded in Legend from 69.67 aphids/ plant. Overall, among the 12 genotypes Vangard, Crusher and Legend were the best. Based on comparatively better performance against aphids attack and making minimum compromise on yield and yield components and exhibiting increased oil recovery, the Vangard, Crusher and Legend were found best among the genotypes included in the study.