ابن خرداذبہ اور ان كى كتاب المسالك والممالك: تاریخى وتنقیدى جائزہ

Ibn Khurdathba was a man with variable culture, he had an important role in the science of geography especially (knowing of the roads, locations of the cities, weather in addition to the news of general history and some arts like (music and singing )  The growth of Ibn Khurdathba in a family worked in the military field, close to the royal court has helped him to start his practical life early and allowed him also to contact with caliphs, ministers and writers in addition to occupying of the significant positions in the state, making it easier to get information from their original resources. Ibn Khurdathba has descended from Persian family lately entered into Islam۔ One of earliest geographical works of this period, his famous Kitab al- Masalik wa’l= Mamalik’. It gives a summary of the main trade routes of the Arab world and in addition provides description of such distant China, Korea and Japan. This article attempts his life and his “Al masalik wa al mamalik” book, varies sides.

Genetic Diversity of Metallo-Β-Lactamases in Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter

Antibiotic resistant pathogens cannot be restricted to geographic boundaries, therefore, antibiotic resistance (ABR) is not a problem of a particular area, region or country but it is a global threat and anyone can be suffered with infections without treatment options. ABR has been recognized as complex global public health task which requires adoption of multiple approaches to control and overcome this challenge, especially for Acinetobacter sp. and Pseudomonas sp. These two organisms remained unattended even in AMR global report on surveillance by WHO. Lately, isolation of Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas with higher frequencies from hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) and emergence of highly resistant strains including XDR and even PDR evoked the interests of clinicians towards these pathogens. Consequently, in 2017, WHO also recognized these bugs as high priority threats to human health. Keeping in view the severity of the problems caused by drug resistant strains of Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas, present study targeted them by isolating from patients admitted in ICUs along with few other strains. The isolates were identified by traditional as well, highly sensitive method, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). So far, identification of Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter isolates by MALDI-TOF-MS has not been reported from Pakistan. This method enabled us to identify few rare species of Pseudomonas including P. balearica, P. otitidis, and P. fulva. These species are mostly reported from marine environment, food samples and ear infections. Yet the pathogenic role of these strains was not explored in this study as routine testing across the country does not identify them.