A CRITICAL STUDY OF CLINTON BENNETT’S THOUGHTS TOWARDS SIRAH OF THE HOLY PROPHET ﷺ

Sirah of the Holy Prophet ﷺ is the topic on which a lot of work has been done both in the Muslim and non-Muslim world. For Muslims it was the source of aspiration and adaptation for the practical purposes of social life while for the non-Muslims it was the source of inquisitiveness and understanding Islam as a successful religion in the past and present time. Therefore, Muslim enthusiastic interest in the biography of the Holy Prophet ﷺ developed and evolved into a regular science while the west has modified the knowledge of biography according to their own order of preference but within the same biographic precedents. Both have tried to reconstruct the biography of the Holy Prophet ﷺ historically, chronologically and logically. Clinton Bennett is one of the western scholars who has contributed not only in the Islamic literature but also the biographic field. His work consists of numerous issues in Islam. Whatever he has learned from Islam and the Sirah of Holy Prophet and thus concluded in the form of his own thoughts, he has expressed most of them in his famous five books for example ‘In Search of Muhammad’, ‘Muslims and Modernity’, ‘Studying Islam’, ‘Interpreting the Qur’an’, and ‘Victorian Images of Islam’ (doctoral thesis)’. This study focuses on Clinton Bennett’s work on Sirah specifically with his broader view of the subject. This research is descriptive and analytical in nature and presents a detailed analysis of the work it is based upon.

Synthesis, Electrochemical and Flourescent Studies of Metal Complexes and Nanomaterials

The research work has been divided into three parts, Part I, Part II, and Part III. Part I A Series of di-and tri-organotin(IV) complexes (23) have been synthesized by the reaction of tri- and diorganotin(IV) chlorides/oxides with 3(3-Indolyl)-propionic acid and 4,5-diphenyl 2-imidazole thiol ligand in dry toluene under reflux condition for 6-8 hrs. The coordination behaviour of ligands and geometry of synthesized complexes were studied by employing different analytical techniques such as FTIR, multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C, 119Sn). Based on these results, the ligand appeared to coordinate the Sn atom via COO- & -SH moiety. The triorganotin(IV) derivatives reveal a monomeric tetrahedral structure in solution. While diorganotin(IV) dicarboxylates have shown an octahedral geometry, however, the coordination around Sn change from six to five in solution, in most cases. The appearance of new peaks for Sn-O and Sn-S in the IR spectra indicated the formation of organotin(IV) carboxylates and values point to the bidentate nature of ligands in solid state. Multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C and 119Sn) data revealed that the coordination number of Sn changed from five to four in triorganotin (IV) derivatives and from six to five in diorganotin(IV) compounds. Part II For the first time, we have studied Electrogenerated chemiluminescence of Ru(phen)32+ /Dibutylamino)ethanol system. ECL of Ru(phen)32+ /DBAE was compared with ECL of Ru(bpy)32+ /DBAE at both Au and GC electrodes. ECL intensities of Ru(phen)32+ /DBAE were found several times of ECL of Ru(bpy)32+ /DBAE. In addition, Ru(phen)32+ is sensitively detected using very low concentration of DBAE. ECL behavior of Ru(bpy)32+ /DBAE and Ru(phen)32+ /DBAE was vigilantly studied under cyclic voltametry and amperometry conditions at Au and GC electrode.Therefore, Ru(phen)32+ / DBAE system is promising for the sensitive detection of biologically important compounds. Part III We have presented a new, easy and environment friendly method for the facile aqueous preparation of silver nanoparticles well defined in size and shape by exploiting EG as mild reductant. No additives, such as surfactant is needed in the procedure. The size and shape of the silver nanoparticles are sensitive to the reactant temperatures and the concentration of the precursor. A denser concentration of precursor facilitates the formation of large and highly crystalline nano-Ag particles. The other metal nanoparticles, such as gold, can be successfully fabricated as well by this technique. It is important to note that the reducing reactivity of EG was rapidly increased with the increase in reaction time, concentration of the precursor and temperature, which offers the possibility of preparation of metal nanoparticles with a shift of particle size range from ca. 10 to 30 nm. In addition, Quantum dots (QDs) are reported as promising fluorescent probes for biomedical imaging. We have tried to fabricate CdTe QDs using SFSD as reducing agent under isothermal method.