مولوی عبدالرزاق کانپوری
ماتم گسارِ برامکہ کا ماتم
مولوی عبداراق صاحب کانپوری نے جو البرامکہ کے مصنف کی حیثیت سے مشہور تھے، پچاسی برس کی عمر میں، ۱۸؍ فروری ۱۹۴۸ء کو بمقام بھوپال اپنی نواسی کے گھر میں ۳ بجے رات کو یکایک انتقال کیا، وہ کچھ دنوں سے بیمار تھے، ان کے داماد ان کو علاج کی خاطر دلی لے گئے تھے، اور غرض یہ بھی تھی کہ ان کے بعض پچھلے مسودات وہاں چھپ جائیں کہ دلی میں ہنگامہ ہوا، اور لوگوں میں بھگڈر مچی، مولوی صاحب موصوف کو ان کے عزیز ہوائی جہاز سے بھوپال لائے، جہاں ایک زمانہ سے مختلف خدمتوں کے تعلق سے ۱ن کا قیام تھا۔
مرحوم سے میری ملاقات غالباً ۱۹۲۱ء میں لکھنو دارالعلوم ندوہ کے اندر اس وقت ہوئی جب علی گڑھ ایجوکیشنل کانفرنس کے سالانہ اجلاس کے سبب سے ملک کے اکابر و مشاہیر لکھنؤ آئے تھے، البرامکہ میں کم سنی میں پڑھ چکا تھا، مصنف سے واقف تھا شاہ سلیمان صاحب، پھلواروی اس زمانہ میں دارالعلوم میں قیام فرما تھے، مشتافوں کا ان کے پاس ہجوم تھا انہی میں مولوی عبدالرزاق صاحب تھے، شاہ صاحب نے ان کی طرف اشارہ کرکے مذاقاً فرمایا کہ یہ برامکہ صاحب ہیں، اس تعارف سے مجھے خوشی ہوئی۔
اس کے بعد ۱۹۰۵ء میں جب حضرۃ الاستاذ علامہ شبلی نعمانی ؒ حیدرآباد سے قطع کرکے دارالعلوم میں معتمد ہوکر آئے، تو مرحوم کی آمد ورفت بکثرت ہونے لگی، یہ وہ زمانہ تھا، جب مرحوم نظام الملک سلجوتی لکھ رہے تھے، اور اس سلسلہ سے اپنے مسودات مولانا کو دکھانے لاتے تھے اور ان سے مشورے چاہتے تھے۔
مرحوم کی علمی استعداد اس قدر تھی کہ وہ فارسی اچھی طرح جانتے تھے، اور عربی سے مانوس تھے، اور عبارت سے مطلب سمجھ لیتے تھے البرمکہ لکھتے وقت اس سے ہی کم واقفیت تھی،...
Previous literature reveals diverse aspects of Balāghah (Arabic Rhetoric) and Majāz (figurative language), but very scanty literature exists on the evolution of both Balāghah and Majāz in Arabic language. This paper attempts to take an exhaustive review the existing literature in order to find out the stages and the factors which helped in the evolution of Balāghah and Majāz. The review reveals that the factors for development of Balāghah in Arabic language and rhetoric are figures of profane literature and their modification, evolution from oral tradition to written tradition, doctrine of ᾽I‛cjāz, doctrine of laḥn and Greek literature. The review also revealed the gradual evolution of Majāz through various stages which culminated in the works of Al-Jurjāni (d.471). The paper argues that Arabic rhetoric has remained stagnant since Al-Jurjāni, and it needs innovation in light of modern linguistic theories. This paper is a modest contribution to the literature on Arabic rhetoric and Majāz which may help the researchers working on Arabic rhetoric and metaphor, but it would recommend further research of classical and modern literature in order to achieve more insights on the evolution and development of Arabic rhetoric
PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT OF WIRELESS MOBILE ADHOC NETWORKS THROUGH IMPROVED ERROR CORRECTION AND CHANNEL ESTIMATION STRATEGY By Engr. Zeeshan Sabir Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANET) refer to an arrangement of autonomous wireless mobile nodes that show the tendency of freely and dynamically self-organizing into arbitrary and temporary network topologies. A variety of protocols have been implemented in MANET at the Network layer which tend to show different performance in various environments. Three of the most commonly used protocols at the Network Layer in MANET are Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV) Routing Protocol, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) Protocol and Adhoc On- Demand Distance Vector (AODV) Routing Protocol. A comprehensive study on the performance evaluation of these three routing protocols have been given in this thesis basing upon the TCP window size using Network Simulator (NS-2.35) with two different types of network traffics. Tool iiCommand Language (TCL) scripting is used to simulate the environment. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is the foremost choice for MANET system designers at the Physical Layer due to its inherent property of high data rate transmission that corresponds to its spectral efficiency. One of the problems inherent in OFDM includes its sensitivity to synchronization errors (frequency offsets and symbol time). Most of the present day techniques employing OFDM for data transmission support mobility as one of the primary feature. This mobility causes small Channel Frequency Offsets (CFO) owing to the production of Doppler frequencies. CFO tends to degrade the signal quality making the system design unsuitable for many error sensitive applications. In this work two efficient pilot-assisted channel estimation strategies have been implemented in the proposed model of OFDM. The implemented solutions for channel estimation include Zero Forcing algorithm and modified Least Square channel estimation algorithm. Both these algorithms have been implemented into the proposed environment of OFDM using two different types of pilot insertion methods i.e. block-type and comb-type pilot insertion techniques. Both these techniques have been compared amongst each other and with the already published work as well. iiiAnother serious problem faced by the OFDM based transmission systems is the sensitivity to the noise effects induced by the channel and system. These noise effects tend to increase the BER of the system making it unsuitable for many real-time applications. Turbo Codes have been integrated with the proposed model of OFDM which have the tendency to work in the Forward Error Correction (FEC) manner by not only identifying the erroneous bit locations but also correcting them thus using simplex control information link. The turbo codes have been implemented using parallel concatenation of Recursive Systematic Convolutional (RSC) Codes that tend to introduce redundant information into the user bits in order to mitigate the effects of channel induced noise from the received OFDM symbols. Results have been shown using MATLAB® simulation for changing number of iterations of MAP decoder for five different modulation schemes and are compared. The channel, through which the signal has been passed, is simulated using Stanford University Interim Channel Model parameters. These Channel models are six in number and depict three different real outdoor environments including rural, urban and hilly terrains having low, moderate and high tree densities.