Almighty Allah revealed the Holy Qur’an for guidance of the mankind. This guidance cannot be acquired without pondering over the meanings of this book. Different scholars dedicated their lives for understanding and then spreading the message of the Almighty Allah. This book is a study of the work on translations and tafasīr of Holy Qur’an. In Sub-Continent, a large number of religious scholars dedicated themselves for the service of Holy Qur’an. Their vision was broad and they elaborated meanings of the Holy Qur’an according to their own mental approach They were appreciated and criticized by scholars of different sects of the society. There is a dire need to understand and spread the teachings of the Holy book. Hopefully this work will encourage the readers to be aware of the research of theologians. Shāh Walī Allāh is the most important religious figure of Sub-Continent. He and his sons played very important role in spreading the message of Qur’an. Brief services of this family are elaborated in this book. Scholars of Sindh have contributed in writing translations and commentaries of Holy Qur’an. Some of their contributions are highlighted. The reader will also find introduction of well-known translations and tafasīr of the 20th century. But this introduction is restricted to the Sub-continent. Through this book. the writer wants only to motivate people for learning the Holy Book. It is not claimed that services of all the Qur’anic theologians of Sub-continent are highlighted. This is a matter of pride for the author that things are discussed without any prejudice. The readers are the best judges. Suggestions regarding the improvement will be welcomed. I am thankful to Prof. Dr. Shams-ul-Basar and Dr. Zohaib Ahmad for guidance and Co-operation regarding the publication of this work. May Allah Almighty shower blessings on them. If...
The purpose of this study is to analyze the contribution of Rural and Urban Land and Building Tax (PBB-P2) to Minahasa Regency Regional Revenue, the determinant factor of PBB-P2 revenue which has the most tax objects/subjects but has not contributed to Minahasa Regency Locally-generated revenue (PAD) and Strategies in seeking PBB-P2 in Minahasa Regency to provide real contribution to local revenue. This research method includes a qualitative approach and a quantitative approach to the BPPRETDA case study method. SWOT-Quadrant Analysis. The results of quadrant 1 position score 0.29 external opportunities & 0.12 internal strengths. Progressive action, the SO matrix is recommended by BPPRETDA to increase (NJOP & tax rate 0.3%), increase (officer education, facilities & tax revenue sharing), and collect PBB-P2 data. Potential Determination of Rp.134,128,478,400, - (11% Regional Revenue). It is necessary to determine the (Selling Value of Tax Object (NJOP) of land and buildings to be increased to near market prices with office work and field inspections and to support education, training for officers is needed to continue to be carried out in collaboration with the Ministry of Finance or independently by the Regional Government.
In order to examine the toxic effect of heavy metals (cadmium and nickel) on morpho-anatomy and physiology of two macrphytes Pistia stratiotes L. and Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms have been collected randomly from contaminated waters. Plants of both species were subjected to metals (Cd, Ni and combination of Cd+Ni) stress. The levels for Cd2+, Ni2+ and Cd2++Ni2+ combined was 0, 50, 100 and 150 mg/L in aqueous medium. The data was recorded for different morpho-physiological and anatomical attributes. The growth of the both plant species was reduced under metal stress. A significant reduction in photosynthetic parameters was noted in E. crassipes and P. stratiotes under metal stress. Organic osmolytes generally increased by metal stress however, E. crassipes accumulated proline and total proteins in higher amount under Ni stress while P. stratiotes showed same response under Cd stress. Ions like K+ and Ca2+ were severely affected by both metals in E. crassipes. Metals improved uptake of both Ca2+ and K+ in shoot and roots under metal stress in P. stratiotes. However Na+ and Cl- was not affected by metal stress. E. crassipes is better accumulator of both Ni and Cd however; Ni in root was more in P. stratiotes when applied in combination with Cd. Root area, root pith area and pith cell area, root xylem area, metaxylem area and endodermal cell area generally increased in E. crassipes under metal stress. Root epidermal cell area, cortical region cell area and its thickness and aerenchymatous area increased in both P. stratiotes and E. crassipes under metal stress. However, phloem area increased only in P. stratiotes under all stresses. Leaf anatomical characteristics like adaxial or abaxial epidermal cell area were relatively more responsive to Cd stress when applied alone or in combination with Ni in P. stratiotes. However, trichome number and length increased at lower levels of stress in P. stratiotes. Stomatal density on both leaf surfaces and bundle sheath cell area generally increased in E. crassipes under metal stress. Other leaf characteristics like aerenchymatous area, vascular bundle area, stomatal area, sclerenchyma area, chlorenchymatous area, xylem area, phloem area and lamina thickness generally decreased under metal stress. It is concluded thatE. crassipes is relatively more sensitive to Cd than Ni, whereas P. stratiotes is more sensitive to Ni than Cd. Both species are metal accumulators and can be used for phytoremediation of metal effected soils and water.