Optimization of Consumption in Divine Context: Basic Principles and Extension

ABSTRACT: The paper aims to analyze the behavior of Islamic consumers that how they can get the maximum possible satisfaction in divine constraints. Islamic consumers ought to be socially conscious economic agents. They will always take into consideration that what their consumption means for the rest of the society? In the Islamic theory of consumption, we essentially look for both “religious success and personal gains”. Islam believes in aggregate welfare but at the same time it does not ignore personal gain i. E. Maximization of personal utility or profit. A rational Islamic consumer will never spend all his money on material goods for maximization of his own utility. He will allocate some portion of his earning towards spending in the way of Allah (S. W. T), thus the total utility for an Islamic consumer can be decomposed into two parts; material utility plus eternal utility. We have assumed that eternal utility is at least as good as worldly utility (U, >Um) ¥ \ye conclude that total utility derived from spending on material goods plus eternal utility derived from spending in the way of Allah (SWT) will be at least as good as utility derived from the ncome of the consumer allocated towards the consumption of material commodities only. Finally, we may conclude that based upon the satisfaction of needs in divine context, resources will be allocated towards Islamically valid, humanly productive and economically efficient goods and services. PDF

The Critical Study of Exploring the Quality of Software in the Context of Reliability

Software development and evaluation is the most difficult task in software engineering. The future of the software industry depends upon the development of software. For this purpose quality is considered essential step in designing software. Quality of software is dependable upon different aspects but the dream of software quality is not feasible without software reliability. Reliability of software is the chance of performing operation without any failure in a particular environment for a specific period. This research is basically concerned with improving quality of software. The quality is the instrument that can predict future of the software in industry. After this research we will be able to devise the strategy to measure and maintain quality of software. This research is an advanced comparative study of software industry in Pakistan. The research is based on the reviews collected through questionnaire and visits to persons concerned with the designing, maintaining and utilizing software. Among these reviews we also consider research papers published on this issue. It also discusses some techniques like CMM, Process Maturity Hierarchy used for measuring the reliability of software. The solution to this problem is to focus on the weaknesses found through the research. The first step towards formulating reliable software is to trace all the facts that are responsible for failure of software. Later each issue will be given individual attention for its resolution. At the end reliable software will be generated.