Ambulatory Hysteroscopy in Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: A Tertiary Care Hospital Perspective

Background: To avoid delays in outpatient facilities for managing benign gynecological conditions like abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), there is a need to evaluate the usage of unconventional methods like outpatient hysteroscopy. Objectives: To evaluate the usage of outpatient diagnostic hysteroscopy in women with abnormal uterine bleeding. Methods: An observational study was conducted at the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of Combined Military Hospital, Kharian. The study included 56 women having AUB with or without a history of failed medical treatment. The study participants underwent outpatient diagnostic hysteroscopy. Diagnostic hysteroscopy was done under the local para-cervical block in the Outpatient department. Procedure indications, outcome and biopsy findings were recorded on predesigned proformas. Results: Median age of the study participants was 44 years. The most common indications for diagnostic hysteroscopy were postmenopausal bleeding (34%) and heavy menstrual bleeding (28%). Hysteroscopy outcomes included endometrial biopsy (34%), discharge with no biopsy (25%), further test and evaluations required (21%), and admission due to failed outpatient procedures (20%). Sixty-two percent of the study participants had normal biopsy findings while other biopsy findings included polyps (20%), fibroids (14%) and endometrial hyperplasia (4%). Nine percent had unsuccessful hysteroscopy due to patient refusal to proceed. Conclusion: Outpatient hysteroscopy can be helpful in the early and rapid diagnosis of women with abnormal uterine bleeding.  

Relationship Between Parenting Styles, Self Esteem and Achievement Motivation Among Secondary School Students

Present study was conduct to explore the relationship between parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian and permissive parenting style), self-esteem and achievement motivation in the context of public and private sector secondary school students. The prime objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between parenting styles, self-esteem and achievement motivation among secondary students, the second objective of the study was to the impact of parenting styles and self-esteem on the achievement motivation of secondary school students and third objective of the study was to explore the impact of various demographic variables such as gender, grade, education sector, mothers profession , fathers profession, monthly family income, birth order, number of siblings and mother tongue in determining parenting styles, level of self- esteem and achievement motivation. This study was consisted of three parts. Part I comprised of translation and validation of research instruments. For the measurement of parenting styles "Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ)" based on 2 forms (mother and father) 30 items in each developed by Buri was used, for the measurement of self-esteem "Self Esteem Inventory (SEI)" consisted of 36 items created by Todd was used and for the measurement of achievement motivation "Achievement motivation inventory (AMI)" comprised of 32 items developed by Immanuel was used. Part II of the study was comprised of pilot testing of translated research instruments on 60 secondary school students. Part III consisted of main study, a stratified random sample of 300 secondary school students, 150 from public sector and 150 from private sector were selected in order to collect data. After data collection data was analyzed by the help of SPSS 16 through using different statistical procedures such as Mean, SD, Percentile Analysis, Coefficient Of Correlation, t-test and ANOVA. Findings of the study revealed that a positive significant relationship exist between parenting styles, self-esteem and achievement motivation among secondary school students.