محمد علی جناح
گزشتہ مہینہ جب کہ برہان کی کاپیاں پریس میں جاچکی تھیں مسٹر محمد علی جناح کے انتقال کی افسوسناک خبرملی۔ موصوف پاکستان کے معمار اولین اوراب اس کے قیام کے بعد اس کی ریڑھ کی ہڈی تھے اس بنا پر اہل پاکستان جتنا بھی غم اور ماتم کریں کم ہے لیکن اس سانحہ کاافسوس سب کوہی ہوا کیونکہ اگرچہ کچھ دن اوپر ایک برس ہواوہ ہم سے بچھڑ گئے تھے، تاہم تھے وہ معدن ہند کے ہی ایک گوہر آبدار اور ہندوستان کی شصت سالہ جدوجہد آزادی کی تاریخ کے صفحات ان کے ذکر سے بھی خالی نہیں ہیں۔
مرحوم کوعام طورپر ہندوؤں کادشمن سمجھا جاتاہے حالانکہ مسلمانوں کے قائد اعظم کا اُن پر ایک احسان ہی کیا کم ہے کہ جسے قدامت پرست ہندو خود چاہتے تھے مگرزبان سے اس کا اظہار تک نہ کرسکتے تھے وہ قائداعظم نے خودبخود کردیا یعنی ہندوستان کے آزاد ہونے کا وقت قریب آیاتوایک چھوٹا ساٹکڑا لے کریہ کہہ کر پوراملک ان کے حوالہ کردیا :
سپردم بتومایۂ خویش را
/تودانی حسابِ کم وبیش را
wاوریہاں کے مسلمانوں کوغیرموثرٔاقلیت میں تبدیل کرکے ایسا بے دست و پا بنادیا کہ اب ہندومہا سبھا تک کو ان تہی دستان قسمت پرغصہ آنے اوران کی طرف سے خوفزدہ ہونے کے بجائے ان پرترس آنے لگاہے :
کھیل ہیں دورِآسمانی کے
چنانچہ مرحوم کہابھی کرتے تھے کہ ’’ہندومجھ کواپنا دشمن سمجھتے ہیں لیکن اگر پاکستان بن گیا تووہ ہمیشہ میرے احسان مند رہیں گے اورمیرے مرنے کے بعد ان کومحسوس ہوگا میں ان کادشمن نہیں سچا دوست تھا۔‘‘
اس میں شبہ نہیں کہ مرحوم اپنی ذہانت وفطانت، قانونی اورپارلیمنٹری قابلیت و لیاقت،سیاسی سمجھ بوجھ،خوداعتمادی،قوت تحریر وخطابت،غیر معمولی قوت ارادی،مستقل مزاجی،حاضرجوابی، ان اوصاف وکمالات کے باعث عہد حاضر کے ایک بڑے آدمی تھے اورسیاسی لیڈر کی حیثیت سے ان کادامن...
It is evident from the teaching of Quran & Sunna, Allah SWT accepts the repentance of His servants. The concept of repentance is according to synthesis of human nature. As a matter of fact, the commission of sins is deep rooted into the human nature and except the messengers of Allah SWT, who are by their nature immaculate and impeccable, all the human beings commit the sins in one form or the other. However, the countless mercy of Allah SWT is showered upon the servants in the shape of “tauba” or repentance. The concept of repentance infuses a new life into the sinful soul of human being. The tauba or seeking forgiveness of Allah SWT revitalizes the enthusiasm of worship in the Muslim. The concept of the acceptance of tauba provide the peace of mind, consolation and satisfaction of heart to the believers. It enables him to reconnect himself to his Lord. Once a person realizes the forgiveness of Allah SWT, he feels a unique tranquility in his heart. This paper will investigate the multiple verses of Quran and Prophetic Sunna concerning the tauba and istaghfar, and how it helps us to attain the peace of mind and acquire satisfaction of heart.
Wide band gap semiconductors are the key components to make laser diodes and blue and green LEDS. They are being used in power switching and high temperature applications. The bandgap of ZnS is tuned by adding an impurity such as Mg that is useful for optoelectronic devices. Earlier reports indicate that there is slight blue shift in the band gap energy of Mg-doped ZnS but we have observed a reasonable red shift (3.48 eV to 2.58 eV) in ZnS band gap energy in Mg-doped ZnS structures. Theoretical model, based on first principle theory using local density approximation, has shown consistent results on Mg-doped ZnS structure. The present research work deals with as-grown and Mg-doped ZnS structures. A series of samples of ZnS with varying x content of Mg have been prepared with x= 0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3M by Sol-gel method using magnesium nitrate (Mg(NO3)2.6H2O), thiourea (SCN2H4) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4.7H2O) for thesources of Mg2+, S2- and Zn2+ ions respectively. Ammonium hydroxide (NH3H2O) was used as a stabilizing agent and hydrazine hydrate (N2H4.H2O) was used as a complexing agent. The optical and structural properties were inspected as a function of Mg-concentration. The electrical, optical, morphological and structural properties were studied by different characterization techniques like XRD, SEM, FTIR, Hall measurements, EDX and UV-Vis Spectrometer. The cubic zinc blende crystal structure of ZnS:Mg was observed by the XRD. By SEM the crystallite size was found in micrometer (35nm for Mg=0.3). It has been concluded that with an increase of Mg-concentration in ZnS the crystallite size augments. The results of EDS show that the zinc and sulphur are major components in the composition of ZnS which confirms the purity of ZnS powder. In FTIR spectrum with range 500-4000cm-1, absorption peak was observed at 674cm-1 which confirms the ZnS synthesis. UV-Visible spectrophotometry results confirm the red shift in the bandgap energy of ZnS with Mg. The computational results performed by Quantum-ESPRESSO confirm the red shift band gap trend so as to support the experimentally determined results, only subject to the condition that Mg atoms substitute into ZnS structure. The additional related work deals with the sol-gel synthesis of BaTiO3 and Sr- doped BaTiO3 thin films having the composition BaTiO3+xSr (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4) on Ti-substrate by spin coating. The barium acetate (Ba (C2H3O2)2), titanium (iv) n-butoxide (C16H36O4Ti), and strontium acetate (Sr (C2H3O2)2·2 H2O) were taken as preliminary materials. The starting materials were taken according to the stoichiometric proportions and mixed carefully in aqueous phases for uniform compositions. First of all barium acetate was dissolved in heated glacial acetic acid and then strontium acetate was added to this solution while stirring it so that all the particles were dissolved. After that a stoichiometric amount of titanium (iv) n-butoxide was dissolved in 2-methoxy-ethanol and added to the solution still under stirring. To stabilize the solution, ethylene glycol was added in proportion of 1:3 to acetic acid. The final solutions that were used for spin coating on titanium substrates have a concentration of 0.4 M. The structural, morphological and electrical characteristics of the Sr-doped BaTiO3 were studied. The X-ray diffraction results of BaTiO3 and Sr-doped BaTiO3 show the enhancement in the crystallinity of the films by increasing Sr-content. SEM measurements of doped and undoped BaTiO3 films reveal their uniform and cracks free nature. The P-E measurements of these thin films show the reduction in the ferroelectric properties with increasing the Sr content.