اقبال سہیلؔ
افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ مہینہ اقبال سہیلؔ بھی چل بسے ۔وہ مسلم یونیورسٹی علی گڑھ کے باقیاتِ صالحات اور اُس عہد کی دیرینہ روایات کے حاملین میں سے تھے۔غیر معمولی ذہین وذکی تھے ۔فارسی اور اردو دونوں زبانوں کے بلند پایہ شاعر تھے۔ وہ اگر وکیل نہ ہوتے یامزاج لااُبالی نہ ہوتا توعلم وادب کے میدان میں ان کی شہ سواری کا مقابلہ بہت کم لوگ کرسکتے تھے ۔طبیعت حددرجہ دقیقہ رس اور دماغ بڑا نکتہ آفریں پایاتھا۔ نغز گوئی کے ساتھ اشعار میں روانی غضَب کی ہوتی تھی۔ غزلوں اور نظموں کے علاوہ انھوں نے جو نعتیہ نظمیں لکھی ہیں وہ بھی بڑے معرکہ کی ہیں، نثر بھی بہت اچھی لکھتے تھے ۔اگر کوئی صاحب اُن کے مضامین ِ نثر و نظم کو مرتب کرکے یک جا شائع کردیں تویہ اردو ادب کی مفید اورلائقِ قدر خدمت ہوگی۔ورنہ ان ادبی جواہر پاروں کے ضائع ہوجانے کا اندیشہ ہے ۔حق تعالیٰ مغفرت وبخشش کے فضل ِ خاص سے نوازے ۔ [دسمبر۱۹۵۵ء]
“This Quran has been revealed in seven different ways; so, recite it in the way that is easier for you.” This hadith is Recurrent in meaning. The narrator Imam Abu Ubaid Qasim Bin Salam (R.A) has elucidated its recurrence. Imam Abn-e- Jouzi (R.A) has collected all its ways in a Journal. What is meant by “Seven Words” in this Hadith? It has been a controversial point among the ulemas and scholars. And no doubt, it has been regarded as the most difficult debate of Uloom-ul- Quran. There have been severe controversies in this regard, so far as Allama Ibn-e - Arabi has mentioned thirty-five sayings. Some of them are as following:
Some think these are the ways of recitations of seven famous Qaries.
Some think that it means all the ways of recitations. But “Seven” does not means the number 07, because in Arabic language, it is used to describe the plenty of something. Qazi Ayyaz from Earleir Ulemas had the same opinion, while in the later period; Shah Wali-Ullah also had the same views.
Some think that it means seven dialects of Arab Tribes. Imam Abu Hatim Sajestani (R.A) determined the name of these languages. They are Quraish, Hazial, Teem, Al-Rubab, Azd, Rabbia, Hawazan, and Saad bin Abi-Bakar. Hafiz Abn-e- Jareer Tibri (R.A) agreed to this school of thought. The fourth famous saying is that of Imam Tehavi (R.A.) he says that although he Holy Quran has been revealed in the dialect of Quraish. But it was difficult for the people of other tribes, which came of different areas of Arab. That is why, in the beginning, they were permitted to recite the Holy Quran in their local languages, and the words or ways were determined by the holy prophet (P.B.U.H) himself. Later, it was prohibited. There remained only the one way of recitation in which the holy Quran was revealed. HAzrat Sufian bin Aiena (R.A), Abn-e-Wahab (R.A) and Hafiz Ibn-e- Abdul Bar (R.A) agreed to this opinion.
Famous interpreter Allama Nizamul Din Nishapori (R.A) says that it means the following differences in the recitation.
Differences between Singular and Plurals
Differences between Muscular and Feminine
Differences of the causes of Araabs
Differences of Morphology (Formation of Words)
Differences of syntax (Sentence Structure)
Differences of the ways which changes words
Differences of dialects
Allama Abn-e- Qutaiba, (R.A), Imam Razi Qazi (R.A) and Abu Bakar(R.A) and Abn-e Aljuzri (R.A) also adopted this saying of Allama Nisahpuri.(R.A).
The study of algebras motivated by known logics is interesting and very useful for corresponding logics. In such kinds of algebras we can introduce a natural partial order which has many interesting properties and gives decomposition of algebras into subsets called branches. In the theory of these algebras an important role plays also ideals and congruences. This thesis is devoted to study of branches and ideals of weak BCC- algebras called in China – BZ-algebras. Such algebras are strongly con- nected with a weak BIK+ -logic. Basic properties of branches and connec- tions between various types of ideals are described by using the so-called Dudek’s map. A new type of ideals are introduced and characterized. Con- nections between ideals saving some basic properties are investigated. De- compositions of weak BCC-algebras into branches are presented and it is proved that a decomposition of a weak BCC-algebra X into branches in- duces on X a congruence θ such that the quotient algebra X/θ is isomorphic to subalgebra of X containing only initial elements of X. A decomposition of a medial weak BCC-algebra into direct product of subalgebras generated by one element is presented too. Next we propose two new decompositions which are in fact two new generalizations of weak BCC-algebras. The first decomposition is a decomposition of a basic set X into a set theoretic union of two weak BCC-algebras X1 and X2 having common distinguished ele- ment. The second decomposition is a decomposition of a basic operation defined on X into two new operations in this way that these two operations save a distinguished element of X, a partial order defined on X and some basic properties of weak BCC-algebras.