تاب(۱۹۲۹ء ) کا اصل نام محمد اسلم ہے۔ لیکن ان کی پہچان تابؔ اسلم کے نام سے ہے ۔آپ سیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ ۱۹۴۸ء میں محکمہ برقیات میں ملازم ہو گئے۔ ۱۹۴۹ء میں ان کی پہلی نظم ’’ادب لطیف‘‘میں مرزا ادیب نے شامل کی۔ تابؔ نے شاعری کا آغاز سکول کے زمانے سے ہی کر دیا تھا۔ مقامی ادبی تنظیموں اور مشاعروں میں باقاعدگی سے ایک سامع کی حیثیت سے شرکت کرتے تھے۔(۷۶۴)تابؔ کے ابتدائی کلام میں سادگی اور معصومیت نظر آتی ہے۔ ان کا شعری کلام ’’فردوس ادب‘‘، ’’اوراق‘‘،’’افکار‘‘،’’لیل و نہار‘‘،’’امروز‘‘، ’’مشرق‘‘،’’لاہور‘‘،’’رابطہ‘‘،’’کراچی‘‘،’’ادب لطیف‘‘،’’ادبی دنیا‘‘،’’ہمایوں‘‘،’’نیرنگ خیال‘‘،’’فنون‘‘، ’’ساقی‘‘کراچی اور ’’ید بیضا‘‘سیالکوٹ میں شائع ہوتارہا۔ تابؔ جگر مراد آبادی کے ساتھ سیالکوٹ کے مشاعروں میں شرکت کرتے تھے۔ ۱۹۶۰ء میں ’’بزمِ فکر و فن‘‘ ایک ادبی تنظیم کے تاب سیکرٹری مقرر ہوئے۔ ۱۹۶۴ء میں تابؔ نے سیالکوٹ میں ’’حلقہ اربابِ ذوق‘‘ نے نام سے ایک انجمن قائم کی جس کے کئی سال تابؔ سیکرٹری رہے۔(۷۶۵) تاب کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ ’’زخمِ وفا‘‘ ۱۹۷۲ء کو مکتبہ عالیہ لاہورنے شائع کیا۔ دوسرا شعری مجموعہ’’نقشِ آب‘‘ ۱۹۷۵ء کو مکتبہ عالیہ نے طبع کیا۔ تیسرا شعری مجموعہ ’’سراب جاں‘‘ بنگش بک ڈپو لاہور نے ۱۹۹۵ء میں شائع کیا۔ چوتھا شعری مجموعہ ’’تیرے یاد کے سارے موسم‘‘ الحمد پبلی کیشنز لاہور نے ۲۰۰۱ء میں طبع کیا۔ تابؔ اسلم کا پانچواں شعری مجموعہ’’درد تیرے فراق کے ‘‘ نام سے زیر تکمیل ہے۔
تاب نے۱۹۴۹ء میں اپنی شاعری کی ابتدا کی تو ان کی زیادہ توجہ نظم کی طرف تھی ۔انھوں نے کم وبیش ہر موضوع پر نظم تحریر کی۔ بعد میں ان کا غالب رجحان غزل کی طرف رہا۔ آج بھی وہ غزل لکھ رہے ہیں مگر کہیں کہیں نظم بھی لکھتے...
Indonesian national low productivity of salt which is unequal between the need level and salt consumption eventually results in salt import made mainly to meet the industrial needs. The government through the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries has released a Public Salt Business Empowering Program (known as PUGAR/Pemberdayaan Usaha Garam Rakyat). PUGAR is an empowering program focusing on the improvement of job opportunities and welfare for salt farmers/managers to achieve the self-sufficiency of salt for consumptions and industries. This research aims at examining the influence of salt business empowering program on the salt farmers’ income improvement in Kedungmalang village of Jepara Regency; the implementation level of salt business empowering program in Kedungmutih Village of Demak Regency when compared to that in Kedungmalang Village of Jepara Regency; and the influence of salt business empowering program on the salt farmers’ income improvement in Kedungmutih village of Demak regency. The research was conducted using a descriptive method with a case study approach. The program implementation was quantitatively analyzed. Furthermore, the effectiveness of PUGAR on income was analyzed using T-test. The test result showed that there were income differences in Kedungmutih and Kedungmalang Village before and after the implementation of PUGAR. This finding showed that PUGAR was proven as an effective program to improve the salt farmers’ welfare through income improvement.
This endeavor deals with the investigation of the Chromophoric nitroso, azo, Schiff base and transition metal complexes. In the first part of this dissertation, Schiff bases were designed, synthesized and characterized by contemporary techniques. These Schiff bases exhibited absorptions in visible region, i.e 393-405 nm. Metal complexes of these Schiff were synthesized using d-block transition metal ions and these complexes showed bathochromic shift with respect to Schiff base ligands and their absorptions were appeared at 410-455 nm. Anticancer activity was found to be good in case of palladium and copper complexes. Electrochemical analysis revealed that these Schiff bases and their complexes behave as oxidizing agents. Heterocyclic pyrazolone azo dyes were successfully synthesized. Newly synthesized dyes were characterized by UV-Visible, FTIR, and NMR, elemental analysis studies and their exhaustion, fixation and fastness properties have also been explored. Heterocyclic (pyrazolone) azo dyes have been prepared by changing the reaction pathway. In these dyes, first azo dyes are synthesized from different active methylene compounds and then their heterocycles have been synthesized by treating them with different hydrazines. Application of heterocyclic dyes on leather showed high light fastness, wash fastness and rub fastness values such as 4-5, 4-5 and 3-4 respectively, which are moderate to good. Exhaustion and fixation values of these dyes are also very high on account of their high attraction and substantivity with cotton fibers exception being those few dyes which lack suitable functional groups for interaction. Furthermore, the dyes containing sulfonic and methyl substituents exhibited an incredible degree of levelness after washing demonstrating the good diffusion and excellent affinity to the fabric. Chromium (III) complexes of these dyes were prepared and they showed high fastness properties as compared to ligand azo dyes. Nitrosopyrazolones were synthesized from newly synthesized pyrazolones and their metal complexes were prepared and characterized by contemporary techniques. Electrochemical and biological study of these compounds and metal complexes were conducted and promising results were obtained. The geometries of all the complexes were determined by the help of slope ratio method through UV-Visible spectroscopy.