MODEL PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ARAB YANG TERFOKUS PADA SISWA (STUDENT-CENTERED LEARNING/SCL)

This paper would like to descripte the characteristics of learning that focused on the learners, the benefits, the weaknesses and the steps of its use to achieve the goal of learning Arabic. Learning model is an important part which is understood by every Arabic teacher to be able to present the condition of learning that is always fun for learners. An effective model for learning in Arabic is the learning model that concentrated to student. The use of this learning model is believed to be able to improve the four competencies of Arabic learners, namely the ability to speak, write, read and hear. For this reason, an Arabic teacher must understand the various variants of an effective learning model which centered on the learning potential of students in order to present the materials in an enjoyable. Therefore, it is important for any Arabic teacher to change the teacher-centered paradigm which is conventional teaching towards a modern learning paradigm which centered to the creative ability of students during the Arab learning proccess. The use of learning models which focused to learners in Arabic learning should be supported by teacher innovation that can empower learners to be active during learning. In addition, the teacher seeks to construct the latest Arabic material by utilizing the technology media relevant to the progress of the global education world, especially in learning Arabic as the language of the Islamic world and religious language.

Genetic Analyses of the Major Tribes of Abbottabad and Mansehra Districts Through Dental Morphology and Dna Analyses

The Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province-Pakistan possesses an interesting combination of social integrity in the ethnic diversity of the region. People of the area can broadly be divided into the ancient Dards, Kushans and recently arrived people of Pathan dynasties. A number of references are available about the history and culture of the area but the general biology and phylogenetic relationship of people of the area based upon sound scientific grounds are still lacking. This dissertation provides first-hand information with reference to some of the important tribes of the area analyzed through variation in dental morphology, mitochondrial DNA sequences and haplotypic diversity in the people of central districts viz. Abbottabad and Mansehra of Hazara Division. The study was conducted from October 2010 to March 2014. Seven tribes viz. Abbassi, Awan, Gujar, Jadoon, Karlal, Syed and Tanoli were included in this study. Collection of dental casts, saliva samples for DNA isolation, optimization of PCR conditions, gene clean protocols and data analyses etc. were done in the Human Genetics Lab, Department of Genetics Hazara University. All the selected tribes were analyzed for Hyper Variable Sequences of mitochondrial DNA (HVS1 & 2 mtDNA) for determination of maternal affinities, diversity in the hypervariable region and availability of haplogroups, in different tribes. Each one of the dental casts was analyzed for a set of 17 tooth-trait combinations scored 150 individuals (75 males and 75 females) of each tribe in accordance with the Arizona State University Dental Morphology System. Only scorable samples from 393 individuals belonging to five ethnic groups i.e. Awans, Gujars, Karlals, Syeds and Tanolis were analyzed and included in this dissertation for elaborating the internationally available 22 populations of 2,433 prehistoric and living individuals of the region through Hierarchical Cluster Analysis, Neighbor Joining Cluster Analysis, Multidimensional Scaling and Principal Coordinates Analysis. Results of the dental trait analyses revealed highly consistent patterns across the data reduction schemes. All the ethnic groups of Abbottabad and Mansehra clustered separately and shared no affinity with the prehistoric Central XVI Asians, the prehistoric inhabitants of the Indus Valley or living communities of peninsular India. Though all the tribes has retained their own identity and seems to be polyphyletic in origin; the Syeds, Gujars and Karlals proved more closely related to one another among the analyzed tribes. Results of the hyper variable sequences of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of individuals from all the seven tribes analyzed for determination of maternal affinities through diversity in the hypervariable region and haplogroups diversity with respect to hypervariable sequence I (HVSI) analyzed from 223 individuals of the 7 tribes revealed 83 haplotypes with the 39 unique one. The haplogroup H proved the most frequent containing 40% of the analyzed people followed by haplogroup M which was recorded in 21.8% of the sampled populations. Results of the hypervariable sequence II (HVSII) obtained from 298 individuals of the seven tribes yielded 78 haplotypes. The most frequent haplogroup with respect to HVS II was haplogroup R, which was represented by 53 percent of the sampled population. The R group was followed by haplogroup M with 32% of individuals. The mega haplogroups recorded for the major ethnic groups of Abbottabad and Mansehra were H, R and M. These haplogroup distributions among the analyzed samples revealed the genetic lineage of people of Pakistani ancestry, with components from West Eurasia, South Asia, and a very limited contribution from Sub-Saharan haplogroups. The results provide a genetic baseline for understanding the biological affinities of the selected tribes of Abbottabad and Mansehra, and can be used as a useful source for forensic examination, molecular anthropology and population genetics of the people of the area.