ہمایوں کبیر
افسوس ہے کہ گذشتہ مہینہ ہمایوں کبیر صاحب نے انتقال کیا، وہ اس دور کے لائق ترین مسلمانوں میں تھے اور اپنے ذوق کے اعتبار سے علمی و تعلیمی لائن کے آدمی تھے لیکن انھوں نے سیاست کا پُر خار راستہ اختیار کیا، اس لیے اس میں کامیاب نہ ہوسکے، علمی و تعلیمی لائن میں وہ زیادہ مفید کام انجام دے سکتے تھے، ان میں بعض خامیوں کے باوجود اسلامی حمیت پوری طرح موجود تھی جس کا اظہار ان کی تقریروں میں ہوتا رہتا تھا، وہ مولانا ابوالکلام کے شعبۂ میں رہ چکے تھے، اس لیے دارالمصنفین سے بھی واقف اور اس کے بڑے قدردان تھے، چنانچہ انھوں نے مولانا کے بعد بھی دارالمصنفین کے کاموں میں بڑی مدد پہنچائی، اب جو اور جیسا مسلمان بھی اٹھتا ہے، اس کا بدل نہیں مل سکتا، اس لیے ان کی جگہ بھی خالی رہے گی، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی خامیوں اور خطاؤں سے درگذر کرکے ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، ستمبر ۱۹۶۹ء)
Money has a great role to play in the economic system. It is a backbone of all commercial and financial transactions. Its role is well defined and established since ages; the fundamental role as a medium of exchange and standard of values. Furthermore, if the functional role of money is positive and productive, it leads to the economic growth and expansion of economic activities. Likewise, the injudicious role of money created several economic fluctuations and frequent financial distortions in the economic history. The article suggests that the injudicious role of money created economic disorder and caused financial crisis in the global economy. The research paper attempts to explore the role of money from Islamic and Capitalistic perspectives. In the capitalistic system, the money is being used as a tradable commodity in the banking and financial sector. The Islamic perspective is based on the teachings of Quran and Sunnah, and jurisdictions of Muslim scholars, in this context, money is only a means of exchange and measure of value. The qualitative research approach has been applied to the discussion and based on the literature review and available data, it is recommended that there is a dire need to review the role of money. The role of money as a tradable commodity caused distortions in the existing system. It is recommended that the banking business needs to be operated on profit and loss sharing rather than the trading of money as a commodity.
Objective: To characterize antiretroviral drug resistance mutations among drug naïve patients in two referral hospitals in Kenya
Background: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was first described in 1982. Since then the virus has spread globally to infect millions of people. HIV was first described in Kenya in the period between 1984/1985. Currently, Kenya has an estimated HIV-1 prevalence of 6.2% with a country population of about 40 million people. With the introduction of antiretroviral drugs, the survival of most HIV patients has been prolonged markedly. However this is greatly threatened by increasing rates of antiretroviral dug resistance, which may eventually lead to suboptimal treatment outcomes.
Methods: The aim of this study was to determine antiretroviral mutation profiles among drug naïve patients in two referral hospitals in Kenya. Antiretroviral naïve HIV patients in Aga Khan University Hospital and Thika Level 5 Hospital were consecutively recruited to participate in the study. Participants with viral loads >1000 copies/millilitre had their samples screened for antiretroviral resistance mutations by genotypic testing.
A total of 121 participants were recruited into this study from two centres. Eighty four participants had their samples successfully genotyped for drug resistance mutations.
Results: A total of five NRTI mutations (two Y115F, K219Q, K219E, and T215F) and one V106I mutation against NNRTIs were found among participants in this study.
One study participant had one protease mutation, M46L. The estimated primary antiretroviral resistance rate against reverse transcriptase inhibitors was 8.7 % (95% CI 4.0-17.7). Resistance against protease inhibitors was found to be low at 1.46% (95% CI 0.26-7.9).
The most common viral subtype was A1 at 52%. Others subtypes included D at 17%, subtype C at 13%, viral recombinants (CRF01_AE, CRF02_AG) at 12%, B at 3% and others subtypes (H, J) at 3%.
Conclusion: Antiretroviral drug resistance mutations are showing an increasing trend among therapy naïve patients since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy in Kenya in the early 2000. This might affect the efficacy of antiretroviral regimens used for treating HIV patients.
Funding: The study was co-funded by the Aga Khan University Research Council Grant (URC Grant Project 102001KEN Under Dr Nancy Okinda) and Aga Khan University Postgraduate Medical Education Seed Funding.