ہاشم شاہ(۱۷۵۶ء۔۱۸۲۱ء) میں موضع جگد یوکلاں تحصیل اجنالہ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ آپ کے والد حاجی محمد شریف اپنے عہد کے پیرِ طریقت تھے۔ ہاشم نے انھی کے ہاتھ پر بیعت کی۔ آپ کے والد مختلف علوم اور زبانوں کے ماہر ہونے کے علاوہ حکیم حاذق بھی تھے۔ مہاراجہ رنجیت سنگھ جب ان کے علاج سے صحت یاب ہوا تو خوش ہو کر تھرپال نزد ریہ نارووال ان کو انعام میں دیا۔ ہاشم تا دمِ مرگ ۱۸۲۱ء یہیں رہے(۶) سرور ارمان نارووال کے شعرا کے تذکرے میں ہاشم شاہ کے بارے میں رقمطراز ہیں:
ہاشم شاہ نے فارسی‘ پنجابی اور اردو میں شاعری کی مگر ان کی شہرت کا بڑا سبب ان کی لکھی ہوئی عشقیہ داستاں سسی پنوں ہے۔ جس سے ان کا شمار پنجابی کلاسیکی شعرامیں ہوتا ہے۔ اس کے علاوہ ہاشم شاہ نے سوہنی مہینوال‘ شیریں فرہاد‘ لیلیٰ مجنوں ‘ ہیر رانجھا اور دوہے بھی پنجابی زبان میں لکھے۔(۷)
ہاشم شاہ عشقِ حقیقی کے قائل تھے۔ ان کے آباؤ اجداد میں سب پیر اور روحانی پیشوا تھے۔ آپ نے باطنی طور پر حضرت پیر عبد القادر جیلانیؒ سے روحانی فیض حاصل کیا۔ پیر عبد القادر کی منقبت سے چند اشعار ملاحظہ ہوں :
اس گناہیں کے لیے یا پیر غفاری کرو اب تو کچھ پردہ نشیں پر حال ستاری کرو
دستگیری کجیو ڈرتا ہے ہاشم پر گناہ دستگیر بے کساں یا غوث الاعظم بادشاہ (۸)
دنیا کی بے ثباتی بھی ہاشم کی اردو شاعری کا موضوع ہے۔ ہاشم سمجھتے تھے کہ دنیا کی زندگی عارضی ہے اور ہر کسی انسان نے دنیا سے آخرت کی طرف سفر کرنا ہے۔ اس حوالے سے اشعار ملاحظہ ہوں:
کہاں سکندر کہاں ہے دارا جام کہاں ہے جم کا جن کی تیغ سے دیو بھی کانپے دل دہلے رستم کا
ان کی راکھ ملے نہ ڈھونڈے دنیا گھر ہے غم کا ہاشم جان...
Imbibing reading habits is an essential skill necessary in the acquisition of knowledge, which is highly demanding in the life of every student in the academic environment. However, as modern technological resources keep on advancing, the reading habits of students are also changing with reading on screen. This study examined the reading habits of college sophomore students as affected by technological resources. The survey instruments, distributed to 254 college sophomore students at the Ilocos Sur Polytechnic State College, allowed the respondents to assess their reading habits in terms of reading hours, reading purposes, reading content, and reading attitude, with the technological resources as their tool. The data gathered in the study was analyzed statistically using the simple frequency count and percentage, mean, and Pearson correlation. The findings revealed that the college sophomores achieved an average level in their English subjects. In addition, it was found that the technology resources were moderately adequate to be used for reading among the college sophomores. Despite this, the results still showed that college sophomore students spent 2-3 hours a day reading, primarily in preparation for their exams. In addition, they read the available reading content moderately often, and they perceive a positive attitude towards the use of technological resources for reading. Furthermore, it was revealed that there is a significant relationship between reading habits and academic achievements. The study's findings will be used to improve instructional approaches and to launch e-reading initiatives in colleges.
Sir Dr Allama Muhammad Iqbal was an ideologist, a poet-philosopher and a spiritualist personality who was a
strong proponent of the political and spiritual revival of Islamic civilization. He had solid comprehension in many
knowledge domains. Allama Iqbal expressed his opinion on politics, economics, history, nationalism, philosophy,
religion, revival of Muslim life and the universal brotherhood of Islam in scholastic manner. He used poetry,
literature and lectures as his medium of expression. In this practice, he developed verbal and written skills in
different languages. So these aspects of Allama Iqbal's life are the main theme of my thesis. Although Iqbal did
the maximum of his poetry and literary work in Persian and Urdu but he could also read, write and speak other
languages. His potential in understandings of Arabic, English, German, Hindi and Sanskrit along with the Persian
and Urdu have been elucidated in first chapter. Being a great scholar, he had a special aptitude for imparting his
own literary taste in reviving the Islamic culture in Muslim Ummah.
In second chapter, focus is on how much Allama Iqbal was related to the domain of justice and law. Dr Allama
Iqbal acquired the law education in formal manner from renowned institutions. He practiced as lawyer and
established his reputation as professional prosecutor.
Political life of Allama Iqbal has been addressed in third chapter. His contributions in Indian politics have been
highlighted. Allama's political activities though primarily concentrated on Indian Muslims but he did express his
concerns for political issues of Muslim Ummah. He was extremely desirous of secure political and social life for
all Muslims. In fourth chapter, Allama Iqbal's understanding of the different economical system has been
elaborated with special emphasis on Capitalism vis-a-vis Communalism. However Allama Iqbal has been close to
principal working of communalism but he was impressed with Islamic system of economics which he
communicated in his book "Ilm-ul-Iqtassadiyat". In fifth chapter, Allama Iqbal as a scholastic philosopher
(Mutakkalim — Mahir-e-Ilm-ul-Kalam) scholar has been portrayed. He tried to interpret Islam in such a way as
to show that religious doctrines are in perfect harmony with the established rational philosophies. He was well
aware of different philosophical ideologies of the world. However, he extended his taste for Greek philosophy but
he strictly adhered to Islamic philosophy.
His PhD dissertation "Development of Meta Physics in Persia" speaks of his philosophical orientation. Allama
Iqbal was well acquainted with the historical events of the world. In sixth chapter Allama Iqbal's efforts for finding
out the reasons for the rise and fall of the Muslim nation have been discussed. He illuminated the magnificent era
of Muslims' ancestors and urged the Muslim community to reinstate their lost glorious time. In seventh chapter,
the Allama Iqbal's association for Islam in comparison with other prominent religions of the world has been
spelled out. Allama had the capability to share and compare his Islamic thoughts with other divine and earthly
religion. He also delivered lectures/speeches for highlighting the Islamic way of life. He emphasized the world to
adopt the Islamic values if they are desirous of peace and harmony.
In the last chapter, all the topics, discussed in this complete thesis have been summarized with their significance.