المقدمة

Analisis Nikah Siri Dalam Perspektif Psikologi Dan Sosiologi Hukum Keluarga Islam

Penelitian ini merupakan sebuah analisis mendalam terhadap fenomena pernikahan siri dalam konteks hukum keluarga Islam, dengan pendekatan psikologi dan sosiologi. Pernikahan siri, meskipun secara hukum kerap dianggap kontroversial, tetap menjadi praktik yang signifikan dalam masyarakat yang menganut Islam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami faktor-faktor psikologis dan sosial yang memengaruhi keputusan individu untuk melakukan pernikahan siri, serta dampaknya terhadap struktur keluarga dan masyarakat secara lebih luas. Dalam analisis psikologis, penelitian ini akan menggali motivasi dan faktor-faktor emosional yang mendorong individu untuk memilih pernikahan siri sebagai alternatif dalam memenuhi kebutuhan mereka dalam konteks hubungan intim. Sementara dalam analisis sosiologis, penelitian ini akan memeriksa dampak sosial dan normatif dari pernikahan siri terhadap struktur sosial masyarakat Islam, termasuk bagaimana hal ini memengaruhi status perempuan dan anak-anak dalam keluarga dan masyarakat.Hasil penelitian ini diharapkan akan memberikan wawasan yang lebih baik tentang fenomena pernikahan siri dalam masyarakat Islam, serta menyediakan dasar bagi perubahan dan penyempurnaan hukum keluarga Islam yang relevan dengan realitas sosial dan psikologis yang berkembang. Penelitian ini juga dapat menjadi acuan untuk pemahaman yang lebih baik tentang bagaimana praktik pernikahan siri dapat diintegrasikan atau diatur lebih baik dalam kerangka hukum dan norma-norma sosial yang ada.

Establishing Protocols for the Propagation of Gladiolus

The gladiolus industry is based on its flower and corm production; however its commercial cultivation is limited by low multiplication rate of corms. The present study was therefore intended establishing production protocol for the propagation of gladiolus by testifying and comparing conventional methods of propagation with advanced technology based methods like tissue culture. For the purpose corms of three commercially grown varieties viz. Traderhorn, White Friendship and Peter Pears were selected. In conventional methods, two experiments were conducted consecutively for two years i.e. 2006-07 and arranged in split plot design with three replications In first experiment different propagation techniques viz. whole corms of uniform size 12/14 cm (diameter 3.6-3.8 cm), simple half corms, half corms treated with activated charcoal, and removal of three leaves alone or along with flower spike were applied to explore the possibility of increasing propagation rates. Removal of three leaves with flower spike exhibited the best response in all three varieties producing the highest mean weight of single corm (65.40), total weight of corms (106.86 g), collective total weight of corms and cormels (136.59 g), more number of corms (1.79) and number of cormels (71.14) plant -1 . Another field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different corm sizes viz. small, (diameter 2.2-2.4 cm), medium (diameter 2.7-3.0 cm) and large (diameter 3.2-3.5 cm) on the vegetative, floral and corm yield attributes of gladiolus. Large sized corms exhibited the best response in all three varieties producing the highest mean leaf breadth (3.04 cm), length of flowering spike (70.14 cm) and number of florets spike -1 (16.33) over those produced from small and medium sized ones, whereas plant height greatly decreased in response to large sized corms. Regarding corm and cormel production, large sized corms produced significantly higher mean weight of total corms (86.90 g), cormel weight (20.26 g), collective total weight of corms and cormels (107.17 g), number of corms (1.59) and number of cormels (49.16 g) plant -1 . All obtained corms and cormels from both field experiments were graded on the basis of diameter into large as well as small sized corms when categorized according to the standards of North American Gladiolus Council. In vitro propagation techniques by the use of different explants and media supplemented with various growth regulators were explored and optimized for mass production of cormels. The explants viz. nodal cultures from different stages of flower spike, cormels sizes/cormel sprouts of different sizes and cormel sections were used for direct regeneration, whereas, regeneration through callus phase was obtained from shoot tip of cormel and cormel slices. The heading stage of nodal cultures, large sized cormel, medium cormel sprouts and top section of the cormel were evaluated the best stage/size from each explant for efficient shoot regeneration on MS medium supplemented with BAP (2 or 4 mg L -1 ). The shoot tip of cormel had more potential for callus induction as compared to cormel slices produced the highest mean callus initiation (87.78%) on MS medium supplemented with NAA (2 mg L -1 ) within 24.44 days. The regeneration of shoots from calli in shoot tip of cormel and cormel slices increased as the concentration of BAP increased from 2 to 4 mg L -1 . The better response for rooting from the shoots of different explant source was observed on MS medium containing IBA (1 or 2 mg L -1 ) and sucrose (3 or 5%). Out of 4 explant sources used for rooting, cormel sprout proved the best explant in terms of more production of roots in all varieties. In icallogenic regeneration, the explant shoot tip of cormel was evaluated the best explant in terms of productive rooting as compared to cormel slices. The cormel production from each explant source was greatly affected by MS medium supplemented with IBA (1 mg L -1 ) and sucrose (5 or 7%). The cormel sprout and shoot tip of cormel were recorded the best explants for maximum cormel production. The size of the cormels produced through direct mode of regeneration was recorded more as compared to cormels produced through callus phase. The size enhancement studies of cormels were also conducted by using in vitro regenerated plantlets and placed on cormel induction media as well as in different compost media. The cormel size increased greatly in compost media as compared to cormel induction media having different plant growth regulators. The size enhancement and acclimatization of direct in virto regenerated plantlets was successfully achieved in gro green compost and coconut coir, where as the plantlets produced through callus phase couldn’t survive in all media. The presence of somaclonal variation by using RAPD and ISSR molecular markers was detected among in vitro propagated cormels and had varying degree of variation from mother cormels in each variety of the gladiolus.