حدود و قصاص سے متعلق شرعی قوانین موجود ہیں اور دنیا ان کے ثمرات سے مستفید ہو تی رہی ہے کیونکہ یہی قوانین صدرِ اسلام میں نافذ ہوئے ۔ بنو امیہ ، بنوعباس ، دولتِ فاطمیہ سے لے کر خلافت عثمانیہ تک اور ہندوستان میں بھی مغلوں نے انہیں قوانین کے ذریعے دنیا کو امن و امان فراہم کیا۔
مصنف اس بات کا اعتراف کرتا ہے کہ حدودوقصاص اور دیگر اسلامی قوانین کی تنفیذ کے لیے ریاست کا ڈھانچہ اسلامی و فلاحی ہو ۔ مسلمانوں کے اجتماعی نظام کی اصل اساس امرھم شورٰ ی بینھم ہی ہے اس لیے ان کے امراء و حکام کا انتخاب اور حکومت و امارت کا انعقاد مشورے سے ہی ہو۔ ریاست کے عاملین اور ججوں کا تقرر اسلامی طریقے کے مطابق ہو ۔ عاملین و ججوں میں یہ تمام خصوصیات پائی جاتی ہوں کہ وہ مسلمان ، آزاد ، عادل ، پاکدامن، بردبار ، ماقبل کے حالات سے باخبر ، عقل مند حضرات سے مشاورت کرنےوالے اور اللہ تعالیٰ کی راہ میں کسی ملامت کرنےوالے کی ملامت سے نہ ڈرنے والے ہوں ۔عدلیہ کے سامنے مقدمات پیش کر نے والے پولیس افسران ایماندار ہوں،تاکہ معاشرے میں نظم وضبط قائم کرسکیں ، قانون کو لاگو کر سکیں ، مظلوم کو انصاف دلوا سکیں اور مقدمات کے اندراج سے عدالت مجاز میں مقد مہ کے فیصلے تک وہ قانون اور مظلوم کا ساتھ دیں۔ وکلاءآزاد اور صحیح فیصلہ کرنے میں عدلیہ کی معاونت کریں۔ ریاست کے انتظام کو چلانے کےلیے چاہے وہ امیر المسلمین ہو ، جج ہو ، پولیس افسر ، وکیل ، سرحد کی حفاظت کرنے والا فوجی ان سب کی صحیح معنوں میں تربیت کےلیے اسلامی نظام تعلیم کا بندوبست ہونا ضروری ہے اور نظام تعلیم کے مقاصد خالصتاً اسلامی فلسفہ حیات سے اخذ کیے گئے ہوں ، پڑھنے...
Plagiarism is a cheating in form of stealing the ideas or language of others, which is morally and ethically crime and it's also an offense. In the field of education plagiarism is an academic fraud, therefore it is considered a theft. In material world the things which belong to us are considered our property; same is the case in academic world ideas, concepts words and work which belong to us are known as "intellectual property". Thus, we cannot use or cite others’ academic work without permission. Islam is the only religion that advocates for knowledge seeking and sharing with others. So sharing useful knowledge is Sadqa-e-Jāriyia. But this does not mean to attain knowledge and overlook the real source of knowledge. In this connection individual has to give credit whenever one uses the work of others anywhere. Hence, if we are using the work of others and do not cite the source and acknowledge the real author, we indulge ourselves in "Plagiarism" or in academic fraud. So in this scenario, academic world copyright or authorship is important. In recent terminology these are known as "intellectual property rights". In present era deceiving and harming of others has become common. In academia, "intellectual frauds" are more common nowadays. The objective of this article is to highlight the Islamic perspective in the avoidances of plagiarism. In this regard, Qur᾽ānic verses and Ahādīth have been used for exploring how Islam has indicated the avoidances of plagiarism. The main theme of this paper is to highlight and explore the Islamic vision regarding the academic theft and current preventive practices in Pakistan. It is suggested & concluded that in Islam plagiarism is prohibited. It also indicates the terms & conditions for the use of academic work of other scholars. There is dire need that the Muslim experts should also revive new Islamic copyright rules and regulation for honest academic writing.
This thesis describes the experimental study of the sooting discharges in which a variety of carbon clusters is produced. The regenerative sooting discharges have been studied and their carbon cluster forming characteristics are compared with the non-regenerative sooting discharges. A large number of experimental arrangements have been used in which sublimation and sputtering processes were investigated in detail to understand the basic mechanisms for the formation of carbon clusters. The effects of experimental parameters on the clusters formed in the two types of carbonaceous discharges i.e. the non-regenerative and the regenerative sooting discharges are reported. Continuous as well as pulsed operations of the discharges have been studied. The carbon clusters are produced in carbonaceous environments where either the high temperature arc discharges sublime the graphite electrodes or the glow/arc discharges in the graphite hollow cathodes take place with sputtering being the dominant mechanism. Regenerative soot is shown to have different characteristics and constituents compared with those in the non-regenerative soot. We have shown that small clusters dominate in the regenerative sooting discharges. The basic constituents of the two types of soot are also different; in the case of the regenerative soot C 3 is the basic constituents while for the non- regenerative soot C 2 seems to be an essential basic unit. Emission spectroscopy of the non- regenerative discharges indicates the predominance of diatomic carbon C 2 in the continuous as well as the pulsed modes. C 2 is the main sublimed species. Under these conditions cage closure leading to fullerenes and nanotubes is more likely. Mass spectrometry with an ExB Wien velocity filter has been used to complement the results of emission spectroscopy in the case of the regenerative soot. The mass spectra from graphite hollow cathode duoplasmatron ion source clearly show that C 3 is the major surviving specie along with other clusters C 4 & C 5 with lesser yields. The environment of the twin plasmas in the duoplasmatron ion source is such that higher clusters cannot survive and are fragmented into smaller clusters with C 3 as the dominant end product.