سید سبط علی صبا
سید سبط علی صبا(۱۹۳۵ئ۔۱۹۸۰ئ) کا اصل نام سبطِ علی اور صباؔ تخلص کرتے تھے۔ آپ سیالکوٹ کے قصبہ کوٹلی لوہاراں میں پیدا ہوئے۔ سبط علی صباؔ ابتدائی تعلیم کے بعد پاکستان فوج میں بھرتی ہو گئے۔ ۱۹۶۵ء کی جنگ میں لاہور محاذ پر بھارتی فوجیوں کا ڈٹ کر مقابلہ کیا۔ پاک بھارت جنگ کے دوران بھی آپ نے چند بڑی نظمیں لکھیں جو ہفت روزہ’’واہ کاریگر‘‘ واہ کینٹ اور ہفت روزہ’’ہلال‘‘ راولپنڈی میں شائع ہو چکی ہیں۔ آپ نے ۱۹۶۸ء کی عوامی جمہوری تحریک اور مقامی مزدور تحریکوں میں بھرپور حصہ لیا۔(۸۵۸)صباؔ کا شعری کلام ماہنامہ’’فنون‘‘ ماہنامہ’’ہلال‘‘ مجلہ’’ہماری زبان‘‘ دہلی’’ماہ نو‘‘ لاہور اور دیگر ملکی رسائل و جرائد میں شائع ہوتار ہا ہے۔ مجلس تصنیف و تالیف واہ کینٹ نے ۱۹۸۶ء کو سبط علی صبا کا شعری مجموعہ ’’طشت مراد‘‘ شائع کیا۔ سید سبط علی صباؔ نے پچاس کی دہائی میں باقاعدہ شاعری شروع کی تھی۔ صباؔ ابتدائے شاعری سے ہی طبقاتی اور رزمیہ طرز فکر کے حامل فنکا ر تھے۔ صبا ؔکی غزل کے مطالعہ سے معلوم ہوتا ہے کہ ان کے ہاں کسی تحریک یا نظریہ سے وابستہ طبقاتی شعور نہیں بلکہ وہ پوری دنیا کو ظالم اور مظلوم ،حاکم اور محکوم ،جابر اور مجبور ،امیر و غریب ،جاگیر دار اور کسان اور آجر اور مزدور کے حوالے سے دیکھتے ہیں۔ ان کی شاعری کرہ ارض کے ہر مظلوم کے ساتھ غیر مشروط و فاداری کا اعلان کرتی ہے۔ احمد ندیم قاسمی اس حوالے سے رقم طراز ہیں:
وہ اپنے آنگن سے باہر کی دنیا تک چار طرف جب چھینا جھپٹی کے مناظر دیکھتا تھا اور زر پرست معاشرے میں پسنے والے کروڑوں عوام پر نگاہ ڈالتا تھا تو ایسا ایسا قیامت کا شعر کہہ جاتا تھا کہ تجربات اور محسوسات کی اتنی صداقت اور ساتھ ہی خیال کی اتنی ندرت...
Islam is a religion of peace and forgiveness. Islam calls for peaceful and prosperous life. It emphasis on establishment of heavenly society that as free from bios hate, jealousy, injustice, Rather it would be appropriate to say that Islam has basically been descended to make end to all hint of barbarism aggression, atrocities and to establish a social system which do not justify cruelty in war. Today, the humanity is suffering sadly. There is no place in the world to provide it with shelter against troubles, hardship, however, he can get rid of these problems by following. The teaching of Islam, how can a nation whose manifesto is based on peace and love, can destroy the peace of others dissatisfaction and unrest. Both are dements which are persons for this existence and prosperity of society.
Chili is an important spice and used as salad, complementary dish, medicine, industrial product, or as decoration. It is consumed as fresh, dry, powder, paste or as sauce. It enhances food palatability, inducing the consumption of other foods. It is a rich source of Vitamin A & C. In Asia, chili is an important component in the cropping system. In terms of area, it is ranked first in Asia and third in the world as most important vegetable. Chilies are subject to various pest and disease constraints to optimal production. The contamination of the crops with mycotoxins from the growth of Aspergillus flavus and/or Aspergillus parasiticus is one of the most serious problems. Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi. Due to the widespread distribution of fungi in the environment, mycotoxins are considered to be one of the most important contaminants of foods and feeds. Aflatoxins are important class of mycotoxins. The toxins can be produced in the field prior to harvest, or alternatively, can arise due to fungal growth under poor storage conditions. Mycotoxins can produce both in temperate and tropical regions of the world, depending on the species of fungi. The extraction, clean up and analysis methodology for aflatoxins in chilies were validated and found it efficient and good in respect of recovery, reproducibility, repeatability, resolution and cost-effective. The collected chili samples from Faisalabad Division, Pakistan exhibited high level of aflatoxins but after treatment with γ-irradiation, more than 95% reduction in AFB 1 and ≥ 97% in Total (∑AFB 1 + AFB 2 +AFG 1 + AFG 2 ) were observed at a dose of 6 kGy. Citric acid was effective for the reduction of AFs in chilies and reduced 89% AFB 1 and 90% total AFs in contaminated chilies. Propionic acid is also used for the reduction of AFs in red chilies and it reduced 80% AFB 1 and 76% total AFs in chilies. Antioxidants like butylated hydroxyl-anisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxyl-toluene (BHT) were effective to reduce fungal load and the of (20:20 mM) of BHA and BHT were inhibit 100% of fungal load in malt extract agar of chilies. From the results it is evident that among aflatoxin reduction techniques, γ-irradiation is a good technology to remove contaminants like AFs from chilies. The food quality of irradiated cereals was evaluated to study any chemical change in vitamin E and fungal biomass. The total biomass (CFU g -1 ) showed linear behavior as increasing the dose level of gamma irradiation. In some samples of chilies, no microflora (fungi) was observed after 72 h. of incubation. From the results however, it is revealed that with increasing γ-irradiation doses a decrease in vitamin E content was observed in chilies but this decrease is not significant (p > 0.05). In the present study, phenolics, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of chilies and selected spices (cloves, turmeric, oregano, black pepper and cinnamon) have been evaluated in the Department of Food Science, Cornell University, USA. From the results, it has been evident that chilies and spices are good source of antioxidants. Special attention is urgently needed to create awareness of the high level of AFs contamination in chilies, among farmers, consumers, and traders. Special emphasis should also be given to adopt GHP and GSP in order to minimize the toxin in chilie