استنباطِ احکام میں ضعیف حدیث کا مقام اور فقہاء کی آراء کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ Analytical study of the Status of hadith e Da’eef in the interpretation of rulings and the opinions of the jurists

There are two main sources of Islam, one is the Book of Allah and the other is the Sunnah and Sira of the Prophet (peace be upon him). The Qur'an is the final collection of 23 years of divine revelation revealed to the Holy Prophet (PBUH) whose literal and spiritual preservation was undertaken by Allah Almighty Himself. Therefore, the Qur'an is the only book in the world which has one letter, one action and one line in its original state just as it was revealed to the pure heart of the Holy Prophet (sws) and the Holy Prophet (sws). The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) told the Sahaabah. That is why the greatest truth of Islam, the book is the living Qur'an. The second major basis of the reality of Islam is the pure Sira and Sunnah of the Prophet of Humanity, the Servant of the Universe. Like the Qur'an al-Hakim, every moment, every day and every angle of the life of the author of the Qur'an is in front of everyone like an open book with all its mysteries. Even in front of one's own and in front of others. A da’if hadith is a hadith which does not fulfil the conditions of the sahih or hassan hadith. Ruling: There is a difference of opinion between the ‘ulema on the ruling on acting upon weak hadiths. The reliable opinion is that weak hadiths can be acted upon for virtuous supererogatory deeds (fada’il al a’mal), for religious exhortation, and stories, and similar things that are not connected to legal rulings and tenants of belief. Keywords: Hadith, Hadith e Da’eef, Derivation of Ahkaam, Jurists, Different opinions.

Use of Transcription Activator Like Effectors to Suppress Cotton Leaf Curl Virus

During the last decade, progress in genome engineering had a giant leap with huge applications in basic and synthetic biology. The resulting genome engineering revolution, now known as gene editing, was mostly driven by the introduction of engineered endonucleases, specifically zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) RNA-guided nucleases (e.g., Cas9) and transcription activator like effector nucleases (TALENs). In higher eukaryotic systems, targeted mutagenesis is frequently achieved by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) based repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) induced site specifically by engineered nucleases resulting knockdown or malfunction of the targeted genes. Genimiviruses have become a serious threat to a number of crops in Pakistan. This study was initiated with the major objective of demonstrating TALEN technology for suppression of cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV), a major menace to cotton crop in Pakistan. DNA sequences of five most prevalent strains of cotton leaf curl virus were aligned to identify consensus regions for TALEs/TALEN targeting. TALEs/TALENs were constructed using golden gate cloning strategy. Activity of TALEs/TALENs for virus suppression was successfully demonstrated in Nicotiana benthamiana by challenging with infectious clones of, specifically, cotton leaf curl kokhran virus (CLCuKV). DSBs in the targeted region were determined by T7E1 assay. Virus accumulation was assessed by qPCR and TALEN expression was analyzed by RT-PCR. Inoculated plants showed varying degree of resistance to CLCuKV in three ways; attenuated virus infection, delayed symptoms and lower virus accumulation. Thesis results successfully demonstrate the potential of TALEs/TALEN technology for CLCuV suppression which can be a broader genome editing platform for suppression of other viruses.