یہ کتاب پروفیسر عبد الحق کا تحقیقی مقالہ ہے جو انہوں نے پی ۔ایچ۔ ڈی کی ڈگری کے لیے لکھا تھا اور اس پر انہیں پی۔ ای ۔ڈی کی ڈگری تفویض ہوئی تھی۔ پروفیسر عبدالحق نے اپنا یہ مقالہ ڈاکٹر محمود الٰہی کی نگرانی میں مکمل کیا تھا۔ (2) یہ کتاب ان کے تحقیقی مقالے کا ایک جزوہے۔ ان کا پورا مقالہ ہنوز منتظر اشاعت ہے۔ اس کتاب کی خاص بات یہ ہے کہ یہ اقبال کےاس کلام پر مشتمل ہے جب اقبال سفر یورپ کے لیے روانہ ہوئے تھے۔ اقبال کو اس کلام کی روشنی میں دیکھنے کی سعی کی گئی ہے۔ اس کتاب کا نقش اول مارچ 1969ء میں سامنے آیا۔ (3)
Islamic education curriculum has central value for education process, as education vision direction. Islamic education mission is how to create religious people by leaning perfectly. Curriculum becomes one of success applications and quality in education institution most. Curriculum will develop based on global world and people life style existency. Therefore, education should view people life style increased as learning source that is becomed a value for curriculum step making. Beside that, islamic education curriculum development also becomes teacher’s choice to implement learning manner in class. In where, it’s implementation should be arranged and systematically to make maximal learning either in development vision, indicator, lesson teory, lesson model proccess, learning evaluation or teacher’s development skill. The process of islamic education curriculum development must be done good and awesome also seeing several factors as supports and obstacles of it. In other to get an education result based on such the plan made before(education planning).
Mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are soft bodied, sexually dimorphic, hemimetabolous insects with sucking mouthparts. There are a number of pest mealybug species in Pakistan, but citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri and cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis are relatively more important as they cause significant damage to fruit gardens and crop plants, respectively. P. citri is a phloem feeder and has a very broad plant host range. Loss of plant vigor and stunting are characteristic symptoms, but P. citri also reduces fruit quality and causes fruit drop leading to significant yield reductions. P. citri secretes honey dew and wax onto plant surfaces allowing for sooty mold development, and infestations can result in rejecting plants shipped for trade. Similarly, P. solenopsis is considered a highly invasive pest of agricultural and horticultural crops feeding on a wide variety of plants from an estimated 246 plant families. Cotton mealybug emerged as a serious pest in Pakistan during 2005-2006 when it caused significant losses to cotton crop. P. solenopsis feeds on all parts of plants especially on tender shoots, leaves joining the stem or along the leaf veins. Its massive reproduction on plants causes distortion, weakening, defoliation, die back and even death of susceptible plants. P. solenopsis also secretes honeydew that causes growth of sooty molds. Although genetically modified (GM) crops have proved successful in controlling chewing insects, they have generally failed to control sucking insects. One reason of this failure is considered the mode of feeding of sap sucking insects. Success of GM crops against chewing insects has highlighted the importance of biotechnology options to control sucking insects. RNA interference (RNAi) is an emerging tool for functional genomics studies and is being investigated as a practical tool for highly targeted insect control. RNAi acts at mRNA level thus impeding translation to proteins, and if vital genes are targeted, insect development can be hampered and mortality can be achieved. Here I investigated whether RNAi effects can be induced in P. citri and P. solenopsis and whether candidate genes could be identified as possible targets for RNAi-based mealybug control. RNAi effects were induced in P. citri, as demonstrated by specific target reductions of P. citri β-actin, chitin synthase 1 and V-ATPase mRNAs after injection of the corresponding specific double-stranded RNA inducers. Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was used as a vector to express these RNAi effectors in N. benthamiana plants. It was found that P. citri exposed to recombinant TMV-infected plants showed lower fecundity and pronounced nymphal mortality. Further, these phenotypic results were confirmed by target mRNA reduction through qRT-PCR. Similarly, Potato virus X (PVX) was used as a vector to express RNAi effectors in Nicotiana tabacum against P. solenopsis chitin synthase 1 (PsCHS1), V-ATPase (PsV- ATPase) and bursicon (PsBur) as target genes. It was found that RNAi effects can be induced in P. solenopsis through feeding on N. tabacum inoculated with recombinant PVX vector with all three genes (PsCHS1, PsBur and PsV-ATPase) as was revealed by reduction in mRNA levels and phenotypic effects like physical deformities, mortality and reduced fecundity. Taken together, the data suggests that β-actin, chitin synthase 1, V-ATPase and bursicon are potential targets for RNAi against P. citri and P. solenopsis, and that recombinant TMV and PVX are effective tools for evaluating candidate RNAi effectors in plants against phloem feeders.