دین کامل اور اختلاف: روح المعانی کی روشنی میں ایک تحقیقی جائزہ

The word "Ikhthilaf" refers to such an approach and way of conversation in which one scholar disagrees with another scholar. Islam being a perfect religion bars its followers from developing mutual conflicts. Islam has clearly stated that Muslim Ummah should not have differences on the basis of opinions in vivid injunctions. Such dissension has been placed nowhere in Islam. Disputes may only arise in case of secondary and vague injunctions. In such situations, each jurist considers himself as right. Such divergence, in the secondary issues based on argumentation and within the ambit of Qur’ān and Ḥadith, is not contemptible one but is the source of blessings due to the depth of knowledge of the jurists. Because of such conflicting opinions, jurisprudence and religious injunctions have the power of adaptability in accordance with the demands of the changing times. In the matters of jurisprudence, establishing consensus on the basis of argumentation must not lead to sectarianism, prejudice and hatred. True jurists have tried their level best to protect Muslim Ummah from sectarian disputes. Among such jurists we have Allama Alusī, the author of Tafsīr Rūḥ al Ma’ānī, as one big contributor. Tafsīr Rūḥ al Ma’ānī is the solid proof of his authentic and deep knowledge. It has a combination of reported sayings and exegesis of consents.

Associative and Surface Active Properties of Block Copolymers and Their Interactions With Surfactants

The associative, micellar and surface active properties of various EmBn, EmBnEm and of some tip-modified, oxyethylene-oxybutylene block copolymers in aqueous media under varying solution conditions and their interactions with conventional surfactants are reported in this thesis. The tipped block copolymers (Me2N(CH2)2OEmBn denoted as DEmBn and I-Me3N+(CH2)2OEmBn denoted as TEmBn) have dimethylamino and trimethylammonium groups at the end of their hydrophilic blocks respectively. For all copolymers, E represents an oxyethylene (-[CH2CH2O]-) unit and B an oxybutylene (-[CH(C2H5)CH2O]-) unit while the subscripts denote the number average block length. This work is mainly divided in two parts; the first part is related to the associative/micellar, thermodynamic and surface active/adsorptive properties of various E/B block copolymers in aqueous and salt added solutions at various temperatures. While in the second part, the interactions of these polymers with conventional surfactants (anionic, cationic and non-ionic) have been reported. The first part of this study is based on applying some fundamental techniques like surface tensiometry, viscometry, densimetry along with some advance techniques such as laser light scattering (DLS and SLS), mT-jump stopped flow technique and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). Surface tension measurements were used to estimate various fundamental parameters such as, surface excess concentrations (Γm), area per molecule (as1) at air/water interface, critical micelle concentration (CMC) and various thermodynamic parameters like; standard Gibbs free energy change (DG0), standard enthalpy change (DH0) and standard entropy change (DS0) for both adsorption at air/water interface and micellization at several temperatures. Density and viscosity measurements were implied to investigate the effect of various internal as well as external parameters on the micellar/associative properties for the aqueous solution of E/B block copolymers. To calculate the intrinsic viscosities [h] and inter-micellar interaction parameter (KH), viscosity measurements were made. Partial specific volume (n mic) and density of the micelle (ρmic) were obtained from the density measurements at various temperatures. Besides that the hydration value (Wh) of micelle plus shape factor (υ) of aggregates were evaluated by combining the results of density and viscosity. Viscosities and densities data also support the temperature dependent micellization/aggregation and change in the shape of aggregates with temperature. Dynamic light scattering was used to investigate the hydrodynamic radius of micelle (rh), hydrodynamic volume (Vh) and hydrodynamic expansion factor (dh). Likewise static laser light scattering technique was used to determine apparent micellar molar mass (Mw), association number (Nw), thermodynamic volume (Vt), thermodynamic radius (rt) and thermodynamic expansion factor (dt). The effect of E/B- blocks length, variation in the hydrophilic end group, addition of NaCl and changing the solution temperature on various parameters deduced from light scattering (DLS and SLS) are also discussed in detail. The kinetics of micellar aggregation was also studied by using mT-jump stopped-flow technique in the temperature range 20 to 50oC. Most of the temperature jump stopped-flow kinetics results show that mainly three relaxation processes are involved in our micellar dynamic system. The first one (τ1) involves the growth of small micelle and increase in aggregation number within short time upon jumping to higher temperature. The second relaxation process (τ2) is associated with micelle formation/breakup and rearrangement, resulting in micelle with larger aggregation numbers and hence lower number density of micelles. The final process (τ3) is related to further rearrangement of the micelle size, shape etc and also to the clustering of micelle. Similarly, the adsorption of poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(butylene oxide) diblock copolymers at the solid-liquid interface was studied using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). The effect of modifying the end- group of the hydrophilic block was investigated by comparing the behavior of TEmBn and DEmBn respectively. For EmBn block copolymer, the effect of E/B block ratio and nature of the substrate (gold-coated and silica-coated surfaces) was also investigated. In the second part, we have discussed the interactions of some EmBn and tip-modified TEmBn and DEmBn block copolymers with conventional surfactants (anionic, cationic and nonionic surfactants). In this work we have tried to highlight the type and strength of such interactions by using the some of the experimental techniques such as surface tensiometry, conductometry, LLS and quartz crystal microbalence. Surface tension and conductivity measurements of the copolymer-surfactant mixture were used to estimate the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) and the polymer saturation point (PSP). DLS has been used to estimate the size and types of the mixed aggregates present in the mixed system. We have studied the effect of polymers block length, end group, nature of surfactants, and also the impact of adding NaCl. To know the influence of the nature and size head group of surfactant we have used anionic (SDS), cationic (CTAB) and non-ionic (TX-100) surfactants for our system. DLS results show that there are different types of mixed species depending upon the amount of surfactant added to the copolymers solution. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) has also been used to study the adsorption and interaction behaviour of block copolymers- surfactants complexes at the solid-liquid interface. Changes in adsorption/desorption phenomenon and conformational behaviour of block copolymers in presence of SDS and CTAB are discussed in detail. The changes in frequency and dissipation responses indicate that different copolymer-surfactant mixed structures depend on the amount of added surfactants to the mixed system.