مقاصد شریعت کا مفہوم
متقدمین فقہا ءکرام ؒ نے مقاصد شریعت کی کوئی باقاعدہ تعریف نہیں کی، البتہ ان کے ہاں مقاصد شریعت کے معانی و مفاہیم واضح تھے لیکن انہوں نے بطور اصطلاح اس لفظ کو استعمال نہیں کیا تاہم قدیم کتب کی عبارات پڑھنے سے مقا صد شریعت سے آگاہی ضرور ملتی ہے ۔
امام شافعی ؒ علم مقاصدشریعت کے با نی سمجھے جاتے ہیں کیونکہ انہوں نے سب سے پہلے احکام شریعت کے علل اور احکام شریعت کی معقول و غیر معقول میں تقسیم کو بیان کیا اور احکام کی علل کو بیان کیا جو مقاصد شریعت کا سب سے اہم رکن ہے ۔ آپ ہی وہ پہلے شخص ہیں جنہوں نے اجتہاد اور احکام کے استنباط کے لیے شریعت اور اس کی مصالح کو جاننے کے لیےقواعد کلیہ کا خیال رکھنا ضروری قرار دیا ہے ۔
"امام شافعیؒ نے ہی احکام شریعت کے مقاصد ، ان کی غایات اور ان کے اہداف کی طرف توجہ دی اور طہارت، زکوٰۃ ، صوم، حج ، قصاص، حدود اور قضاء کے کچھ مقاصد کی طرف اشارہ کیا ہے اور اسی طرح کچھ مقاصد خاصہ مثلاً حفظ نفس، حفظ نسب اور حفظ مال بھی بیان کیے ہیں۔ "209
امام جوینی ؒ نے لفظ قصد اور غرض بہت استعمال کیا اور مقاصد شریعت پر خاصی توجہ دی۔ انہوں نے سب سے پہلے مقاصد کی تقسیم کی اور انہیں ضروریات ، حاجیات اور تحسینات میں محصور کیا۔مقاصد کو ضروریات ، حاجیات اور تحسینات میں تقسیم کرتے ہوئےمقاصد کی مندرجہ ذیل پانچ اقسام بیان کی ہیں:
1۔ وہ علل اور اصول جو معقول المعنی ہوں اور ان کا مقصد زندگی کے کلی نظام اور سیاست عامہ سے متعلق انتہائی ضروری امور کی تکمیل ہو، جیسےقصاص کو شریعت نے لازم قرار دیا ہےتاکہ قتل ناحق نہ ہو اورآئندہ...
The of life Holy source primary Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه وسلم) is a guidance for Muslim Ummah. Prophetic guidance is not restricted to theverbal instructions only but he has at times used the Gestures to expressand explain the things. This is a significant area of Hadith sciences whichHis. (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Prophet the of Language body and gestures the with dealscompanions (R. A) not only preserved his verbal instructions, dictatedwords, silent approvals, and actions of their beloved Prophet (ﷺ) but theyalso preserved his (ﷺ) gestures and body language. This paper discussesthe Gestures of the Holy Prophet with special reference to their virtual andvisual interpretations. The purpose of this research is to critically analyzethe Gestures of the Holy prophet and their importance in communicatingthe message to the audience. The method used for this research paper isdescriptive and analytical. The analysis of the prophetic traditions revealed(صلى الله عليه وسلم) Prophet where Hadith in examples significant been have there thatused the gestures to explain his words and thoughts which helped inconveying the message. Visual explanations and diagrams of some of thegestures have also been included in the article to explore and highlight theirsignificance. This article reveals that use of gestures is helpful incommunicating the message to the audience, and this aspect of Sīrah mustbe utilized during interactive sessions and verbal discussions. Furthermore, current research paper recommends that adequate body language andGestures are the vital means of teaching, tablīgh, and successfulcommunication in the light of Sīrah studies.
Microbial solubilization of coal has been considered as a promising technology to convert raw coal into valuable products. The biological conversion of coal to alternative fuel products can be an efficient and environmentally friendly mean of utilizing the current coal reserves, including those that are difficult to utilize with conventional methods. Understanding the details of microbial coal solubilization leading up to methanogenesis is essential in order to establish new energy production techniques and industrial processes that are cost and energy efficient. The present study was aimed at investigating and exploring the prospects of possible intervention of biotechnological approaches into conventional fuel sciences for the extraction of alternative fuel options like methane. In this regard, seven coal samples, originating from different coal areas of Pakistan, were subjected to detailed chemical analyses including maceral analysis and these indicated that samples belonging to different coal ranks with vitrinite value ranging from 0.27% to 2.13% pointing towards their diverse geological history. To study coal solubilizing potential of aerobic microorganisms, initially a total of 50 different aerobic bacterial and fungal isolates have been isolated from soil, coal and water samples of Salt Range Coal Mines, Chakwal, Pakistan, but on the basis of solubilization potential, only four isolates selected for further study. The intensity of biosolubilization was measured by determining the weight loss of the coal pieces and was observed to be about 25.93% by Pseudomonas sp. AY2, 36.36% by Bacillus sp. AY3 and 50% by Trichoderma sp. AY6 while Phanerochaete sp. AY5 showed maximum coal solubilization potential, i.e. 66.67% in 30 days. Ultraviolet Visible spectrum revealed an increase in the pattern of absorbance of all treated samples as compared to control referring to solubilization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated alterations in structure of treated coal in comparison to control coal suggesting breakdown in complex structure of coal. The major absorbance bands in infrared spectroscopy for solubilization product were attributed to carbonyl (1600cm-1), hydroxyl (3450cm-1), cyclane (2925cm-1), ether linkage (1000-1300cm-1), carboxyl (3300-2500cm-1) and side chains of aromatic ring (1000-500cm-1). The presence of microorganisms and surface erosion of coal residues as compared to control samples were observed by scanning electron microscopy, suggested that isolated microorganisms were able to survive in coal for a longer period of time. Therefore, these microorganisms isolated from coal mines have excellent potential for coal solubilization which is considered as a crucial step in coal methanogenesis allowing them to be used successfully for in-situ methane production to meet future energy demands. Coal samples were investigated further for their ability to support microbial methane production in laboratory incubations. For this purpose, bioassay with two different exogenous microorganisms WBC2 (collected from wetlands), and IF (from PRB) were employed. Among all samples, CH sample which is low volatile bituminous coal produced maximum methane 34.9 µmol CH4/g coal with WBC2 consortium, followed by SR (subbituminous coal) with 30.18 µmol CH4/g.Relatively lower methane level was observed with IF consortium, however, maximum concentration observed in case of SR coal was 25.1 µmol CH4/g coal. Acetate accumulated in control incubations where methanogenesis was inhibited, pointing towards acetoclastic pathway and indicated acetate utilization and production during the course of methanogenesis. Methanogenesis inhibited control and bioassay incubations showed nearly same levels of hydrogen, proposed that acetoclastic might be the dominant pathway for methanogenesis. Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide was produced and consumed during the course of methane production, suggesting their role in complex methanogenic pathway chemistry. Liquid extracts were analyzed through Excitation-Emission Matrix Spectroscopy (EEMS) to obtain qualitative estimates of solubilized coal; these analyses exhibited the release of complex organic moieties. Quantative Polymerase chain reaction analysis for mcrA functional genes suggested microbial quality as well as quantity have significant influence on methane production levels. Therefore, bioassay, suggests an attractive tool for assessing the potential of coal for biogenic methane generation, and provides a platform for studying the mechanisms involved in this economically important activity. Conclusively, the current evidence of Pakistan’s coal potential to be used for cost effective and energy efficient processes particularly the low volatile bituminous coal, would open numerous advantages to the current coal energy infrastructure.