Relationship Between Level of Educational Attainment and Employee Performance: Mediating Role of Individual Religious Affiliation

Purpose: This study empirically investigates the relation between education level and employees’ performance working in public sector universities from the viewpoint of Islamic religiosity when religious affiliations play mediating role. It has been experienced that more educated people are found to be more involved in performing tasks related to the religious affiliations. Due to the fact that people with higher education found less time to complete their religious obligations, they are more involved in alternative arrangements like charity and donations to fulfill the hunger of religious attainments. Therefore, in order to satisfy themselves religiously, they are more involved in religious affiliations. This high involvement in fulfilling religious arrangements impacts their individual job performance which is necessary to explore. Research Methodology: Data was gathered from the public sector university employees of Pakistan. Out of 900 distributed questionnaires, 520 were received with response rate of 73.65%. Regression analysis is performed in order to determine the association between level of education and individual performance. Further, in order to determine the mediating role of religious affiliations, the Barren and Kerry (1984) model is applied. Findings: Using questionnaire survey the results of the study showed that level of education significantly impacts the religious affiliations in positive manner and high religious affiliations increase the individual job performance. The results at this point indicated that an unobservable indicator, like propensity for logical rationale induces individuals for higher education and ultimately high religious affiliations. Recommendations: Based upon the results, it is recommended that religiosity and ethical values in management set up are need to be escorted by public reforms to let the identification of employees to their work values and their obligation to the performance of work-related tasks. Originality: This study would be a clear contribution in the field of human behavior towards making alternative arrangements in order to fulfill religious obligations and at the same time identifying the mediating role of religious attainments in determining their individual performance.

Modeling Spatiotemporal Regularity in Deformable Structures

A variety of dynamic objects, such as faces, bodies, and cloth, are represented in computer vision and computer graphics as a collection of moving spatial landmarks. A number of tasks are performed on this type of data such as character animation, motion editing, and nonrigid structure from motion. In theory, many of these tasks are highly under-constrained and the estimation algorithms exploit the natural regularity that exists as a cloud of points moves over time. In this thesis, we present compact and generalizable models of non- rigid objects by exploiting spatial and temporal regularities of time-varying point data. We demonstrate that several theoretically ill-posed tasks can be made well-posed with the help of these models. Our first contribution is to propose and demonstrate the effectiveness of the linear trajectory model for representing time-varying point clouds. Traditionally, a linear shape model has been used to represent time-varying point data; the 3D shape of a nonrigid object is modeled as a linear combination of a small number of basis shapes. In contrast, we represent point trajectories as a linear combination of basis trajectories. We show that the linear trajectory and the linear shape models are dual to each other and have equal representation power. In contrast to the shape basis, however, we demonstrate that the trajectory basis can be predefined by exploiting the inherent smoothness of trajectories. In fact, we show that the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is a good choice for a predefined basis and empirically demonstrate its compactness by showing that it approaches Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for natural motions. This linear trajectory model is applied to the problem of nonrigid structure from motion. Analogous to the formulation under the shape model, the estimation of nonrigid struc- ture from motion under the trajectory model results in an optimization problem based on orthonormality constraints. Prior work asserted that structure recovery through orthonor- mality constraints alone is inherently ambiguous and cannot result in a unique solution. This assertion was accepted as a conventional wisdom and was the justification of several remedial heuristics in literature. In contrast, we prove that orthonormality constraints are, in fact, sufficient to recover the 3D structure in both the linear trajectory and the shape models. Moreover, we show that the primary advantage of the trajectory model over the shape model in nonrigid structure from motion is the possibility of predefining the basis.This results in a significant reduction in unknowns and corresponding stability in estima- tion. We demonstrate significant improvement in reconstruction results over the state of the art. After demonstrating the effectiveness of the linear trajectory model over linear shape model in nonrigid structure from motion, we also show how both the models can be synergisti- cally combined. We present the bilinear spatiotemporal basis as a model to simultaneously exploit spatial and temporal regularities, while maintaining the ability to generalize well to new sequences. The model can be interpreted as representing the data as a linear com- bination of spatiotemporal sequences consisting of shape modes oscillating over time at key frequencies. We apply the model to natural spatiotemporal phenomena, including face, body, and cloth motion data, and demonstrate its effectiveness in terms of compaction, gen- eralization ability, predictive precision, and efficiency against existing models. We demon- strate the application of the model in motion capture clean-up. We present an expectation- maximization algorithm for motion capture labeling, gap-filling, and denoising. The solu- tion provides drastic reduction in the clean-up time in comparison to the current industry standards.