109. Al-Kafirun/Those who knowingly deny
I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah
The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.
109:01
a. Say:
b. ‘O you who knowingly deny the truth of Islam!
109:02
a. I will not submit in awe and worship to what you worship,
109:03
a. nor will you worship the One WHOM I submit in awe and worship – Allah, The One and Only God.
109:04
a. And neither have I ever submitted in awe and worship to what you worship,
109:05
a. nor have you ever worshiped the One WHOM I submit in awe and worship,
109:06
a. Therefore, for you, is your religion and its consequential ramifications in the Sight of Allah,
and
b. for me, is my religion’ and its consequential ramifications in the Sight of Allah.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is one of the most powerful neuroimaging modalities due to its high spatio-temporal resolution characteristics. This known modality is applied on mapping the temporal, occipital, frontal cortices of the brain for localizing the neural activities generated due to any visual, physical or mental task or brain diseases or brain disorders. The occipital cortex is composed of middle, left, right, interior and exterior occipital gyrus and is responsible for visional function of human brain. The occipital gyrus reflects the neural image generated in the brain due to any visual activity. In this research paper, four different visual stimuli images of faces, scrambled, scenes and objects along with gap of blank space, forming a long sequence of stimuli observed by two female subjects, are experimented to examine and localize the most contrasting neural image generated in occipital gyrus of the brain. The visual fMRI brain data received from the two subjects is processed through fMRI-SPM12 toolbox based on Matlab software. In order to demonstrate the results statistically, two regressions such as T-contrast and F-contrast vectors are applied on fMRI images to highlight, and to localize the most active neural stimuli activities generated in the occipital gyrus of brain. In the results, it is demonstrated that maximum neural response can be mapped only for face stimulus in the bilateral occipital gyrus of the brain by applying T-contrast vectors regressions as when compared to other stimuli conditions and F-contrast vectors regressions. Further, it is also investigated that, the response of the face stimulus in F-contrast regressions achieved is somehow dispersed and unclear due to the large variances and interlinked communication of other stimuli or induced neural noises generated in entire volume of the brain. Further from the given images, it is also investigated that the most reflecting and contrast area for any visual stimuli (such as face stimulus in this case) is either the middle or bilateral part of occipital gyrus of the human brain as identified through application of T-contrast vectors regressions.
Xylanases degrade the hemicellulosic component of plant biomass and find potential applications in poultry, paper, textile and biofuel industries. In this study, a novel, family GH10 enzyme, Xyn10B.CB3B2 from Acidothermus cellulolyticus 11B was characterized. This enzyme was found to be a trifunctional enzyme having endo xylanase, arabinofuranosidase and acetyl xylan esterase activities. Native xylanase, Xyn10B.CB3B2 had carbohydrate binding modules (CBM), CBM3 and CBM2 in tandem at the C-terminus. CBMs are protein domains that bind carbohydrate ligands and are found in carbohydrate active enzymes. Truncation of CBM2 was done to create Xyn10B.CB3 while CBM3 was fused to N-terminus of catalytic domain to form Xyn10B.B3C. Fusion of CBM2 at the C- and N-termini of the catalytic domain resulted in Xyn10B.CB2 and Xyn10B.B2C, respectively. In addition, only the catalytic domain (Xyn10B.C) was also characterized in this study. All of the enzyme variants were successfully expressed in soluble fraction of Escherichia coli cells and purified through binding with regenerated amorphous cellulose except Xyn10B.C that was obtained as inclusion bodies and purified by refolding. Activities of Xyn10B.CB3B2, Xyn10B.CB3, Xyn10B.B3C, Xyn10B.CB2, Xyn10B.B2C and Xyn10B.C on beechwood xylan were 118,305, 68,325, 65,825, 49,261, 44,518 and 40,368 U/μmol, respectively. Activities of Xyn10B.CB3B2, Xyn10B.CB3, Xyn10B.B3C, Xyn10B.CB2, Xyn10B.B2C and Xyn10B.C towards p nitorphenylarabinofuranoside were 9,042, 4,532, 4,026, 5,672, 5,137 and 4,340 U/μmol, respectively. Activities of Xyn10B.CB3B2, Xyn10B.CB3, Xyn10B.B3C, Xyn10B.CB2, Xyn10B.B2C and Xyn10B.C towards p-nitrophenylacetate were 15,545, 10,485, 8,856, 7,820, 7,571 and 7,342 U/μmol, respectively. All of the enzyme variants had optimum temperature 70 °C and optimum pH 6.0, under the vii assay conditions used. However, Xyn10B.C had optimum temperature and pH of 60 °C and 5.0-6.0, respectively. Binding assays revealed that all of the variants bound to insoluble oat spelt xylan and Avicel expect Xyn10B.C that did not bind to Avicel. Incubation of all enzyme variants with Mn2+ had negative impact on the activity of enzymes while other metal ions had no effect on the activity. Xyn10B.CB3B2 was stable up to 70 °C while Xyn10B.CB3, Xyn10B.B3C, Xyn10B.CB2 and Xyn10B.B2C were stable up to 60 °C. Xyn10B.C was stable only up to 50 °C as thermal unfolding was observed beyond these temperatures during CD spectroscopy analysis. All of the enzyme variants were highly active producing xylobiose and xylose as end products, as well as debranching the substrates by removing arabinose and acetyl side chains as observed by HPLC analysis of the lysates and arabinose/acetate assays. This study successfully elucidated the characteristcs of a novel trifunctional xylanase, Xyn10B. Due to its specific characteristics, Xyn10B.CB3B2 and its variants seem to be of importance for industrial applications. In another study, XynI from Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus DSM 8903 was expressed in E. coli as 35.8 kDa protein in soluble form, but the expression level was rather low. MFOLD analysis of the sequence between the ribosomal binding site and the 5¢-end codons of the gene showed that the start codon AUG was trapped in the mRNA secondary structure. Cloning the gene using pET28a(+) increased expression to a level of 35% as compared to about 4% when expressed using pET22b(+). pET28a(+), having His-tag before the start codon, would prevent strong secondary structure formation thus allowing higher expression level. Activity of XynI was found to be 10, 5 and 6 U/mg on beechwood, birchwood and oat spelt xylan, respectively. Further studies are required to elucidate the reasons behind low activity through molecular modelling and docking analyses.