قوانین حدود و قصاص میں ہونے والی ترامیم
اسلامی جمہوریہ پاکستان میں عوام الناس کا رجحان زیادہ تر مذہب کی طرف ہے اور وہ چاہتے ہیں کہ اس مملکت خداداد میں اسلامی قوانین کا نفاذ اور عمل درآمد ہو لیکن اندرونی و بیرونی مداخلت کی بنا پر حدود وقصاص آرڈیننس میں مند رجہ ذیل ترامیم کی گئی ہیں:
قصاص و دیت ایکٹ میں ہونے والی ترامیم
قصاص اور دیت ایکٹ سے قبل صدر پاکستان اپنے اختیار کے ذریعے سے کسی بھی مجرم کی قصاص و دیت کے تحت سزا میں کمی یا تخفیف یا ختم کرنے کا اختیار رکھتا تھا ۔ اس قانون کے ذریعے قصاص و دیت سے متعلق جرائم کی سزا میں کسی بھی قسم کی تخفیف کے صدارتی اختیار کو مقتول کے ورثاء کی مرضی سے مشروط کر دیا گیاہے جس کے پیش نظر قصا ص و دیت ایکٹ 1997 کے تحت دفعات 53 تا 55 تعزیرات پاکستان میں ترامیم کی گئیں، جو کہ اوپر تفصیلی طور پر The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 1997دفعات 2 سے 6 میں بیان ہو چکے ہیں۔
حدود آرڈیننس میں کی جانے والی ترامیم
حدود آرڈیننس میں بھی وقت کے گرزنے کے ساتھ ساتھ کچھ تبدیلیاں کی گئی ہیں ،۔ یہ تبدیلیانں زیادہ ترزنا کے حوالے سے ہوئی ہیں ۔ یہ تبدیلیاں مندرجہ ذیل ہیں:
Islam offers a complete code of conduct. Its instructions are not limited to some fields of life. Islam guides all those things to his followers which are necessary for the well-being of mankind. The modern age is the age of science and technology, it has created some modern issues to Muslims scholars, like Test Tube baby, cloning and some different kind of surgical operation. This article deals with the status of Surgery in Islamic Shariah.
The study explored teacher performance appraisal (TPA) and its influence on teachers' motivation in a secondary school in Karachi, Pakistan. TPA is perceived as an important tool for improving the quality of teaching and learning in the domains of content knowledge, teaching skill and attitude. However, TPA is also considered as an instrument for administrative purposes such as the provision of merit increment, promotion, demotions and weeding out the incompetent teachers from their services. It is the general impression that TPA influences teachers' motivation in both negative as well as positive ways. In order to have an in-depth understanding, the study explored TPA and its influence on teachers' motivation in a Secondary School in Karachi, Pakistan. Moreover, the nature of the study made me opt for qualitative research method and case study approach, in which I examined the perceptions, beliefs and live experiences of research participants in a real context (school). Moreover, semi-structured interviews, informal conversations and document reviews were used in the study as methods of data collection tools. Findings reveal that TPA serves two major purposes that is the improvement-oriented and accountability-oriented purpose. The former is to find out the strengths, weaknesses and plans for further improvement, which influence teachers' motivation positively towards their work. The latter is to give judgments, and this judgment makes teachers de-motivated. In its improvement-oriented sense, TPA is used for providing feedback and professional development opportunities to teachers in order to improve their teaching and learning. Accountability-oriented TPA is nestled with merit increment, promotion and dismissal of low performing teachers. Decisions are taken on the basis of academic and non-academic performances, based on multiple sources of data such as; classroom observation, peer-appraisal, gathering evidences from student learning outcomes. Finally, findings pointed out some of the key factors, which influence teachers' motivation, that are: the nature of individual and institutional interests, nature of appraisal feedback, reward and recognition, merit increment, shared and unshared purposes and criteria of TPA.