الارھاب: اسبابه و علاجه السلام اساس الاسلام

Terrorism is such a dangerous disease that has destroyed peace of many nations of the world. Terrorism, in all its forms, is condemnable. The author of this paper tried to encompass all the important factors and causes, which generate and consolidate terrorism in its different forms. This paper presents various causes of the phenomenon of terrorism, which include the material causes, the psychological causes, the behavioral causes, the political causes, the social causes, the economic causes and the ideological causes. The last segment of this dissertation discusses the remedies of the problem of terrorism. The necessary measures and suggestions have been suggested by the author to control the monster of terrorism. These includes to promote a moderate religious approach through education and preaching; to remove the misconception of the west against Islām; to refine our education and teaching methods by including relevant psychology and morality; our youth needs to use their energy in the social welfare activities to save them from becoming a victim of extremists and terrorists for having no purpose of life and for being idle; the Muslim rulers need to get close to their masses and remove alienation; a confident, unanimous condemnation from the responsible circles of the society should be promulgated; the youth must not rebel against their rulers and must not indulge in the matters of excommunication.

Developing an Understanding and the Teaching for Citizenship in the Social Studies Classroom

This small-scale action research project explores the possibilities and challenges involved in facilitating social studies teachers in understanding and teaching for citizenship. Citizenship education will enable students to acquire the knowledge, skills and attitude to be informed, active and responsible citizens. However, the assumption is that in most cases the goals and objectives of citizenship education are not met due to the teachers' limited knowledge and expertise with regard to the subject of social studies being taught by them. The pressures from the management of the school, parents and on going assessment are also some of the factors that hinder the enrichment of the social studies curriculum. In relation to these factors my study focuses on developing teachers' understanding and practice in teaching for citizenship in the social studies classroom, as one of the important ways to ensure achieving the goals and aims to prepare citizens who are responsible, active and caring towards their society. To conduct this study, I worked collaboratively with two secondary social studies teachers in a private school of Karachi, Pakistan. The action research began by studying the existing perceptions and practices for the teaching of citizenship. Subsequently, an action plan was prepared to facilitate understanding and practice of teaching for citizenship. The data were collected through classroom observations, semi-structured interviews, and the researchers' journal. The data analysis was an on going process, whereby after each action, data was reflected and analyzed upon for further action. The data from the study illustrates some possibilities that facilitate the teachers' understanding and practice of teaching for citizenship. The possibilities that have been mentioned here are: the supportive and open learning environments for teachers to learn, providing opportunities for students to make decisions in the classroom such as in setting the test timetables, electing their classroom monitor and working cooperatively with one another. Furthermore, the study illustrates the challenges faced in the process were the unavailability of time to meet collaboratively and to conduct classroom research during the assessment time. The study concludes by presenting key learning experiences during the study, and suggests recommendations for further collaborative action research.