حالات و زمانہ کی رعایت سے متعلق جمہور فقہاء کرام کی تصریحات (عصر حاضر کے تناظر میں ایک مطالعہ)

Human life is the subjective of change with the changing circumstances. If we look at the condition of our late grandfather or great – grandfather and look at the contemporary situation; it will not be difficult to understand this change. The rules about some important issues had been changed with the passage of time. In the initial descendants of Adam the marriage of brothers and sisters was allowed, after the flood of Noah, due to the scarcity of animals, the meat of all kinds of animals was allowed, two sisters were married to Hazrat Yaqub (A.S) at the same time, but the rules had been reversed afterwards. Even in the time of the Holy Prophet and the rightly guided caliphs, such changes took place and they were associated with the changing conditions. Initially it was banned to visit the graves and the sacrificial meet was not allowed to keep for more than three days and it was mandatory upon the women to attend the congregational prayer but afterwards the permissions were granted contrarily. Fortunately, we have a body of jurisprudence in the light of which not only contemporary issues can be solved but also guidance can be provided for the future. Our leading Jurists, who are followed, have done a remarkable job in this regard. The following article reviews the teachings of the three jurists, namely Imam Shafi’i, Imam Malik, and Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal and teachings of their glean jurists. It will make clear that under changing circumstances these jurists seemed to agree on change. Therefore, by using the efforts of these jurists, we can try to resolve the problems of our contemporary changes and requirements throughout the Muslim World.

Development and Optimization of Polymerase Chain Reaction for Screening of Burkholderia Mallei Infection Among Indiginous Working Equines

Economically, Pakistan is an agricultural country as the agriculture sector offers employment to 42.3% of the country?s citizens involved with any kind of labor for their livelihood, 19.5% of its gross domestic product (GDP) comes from the agriculture sector apart from the raw materials for many other value-added sectors contributing to huge quantities of added indirect income; livestock sector as for instance, adding 58.33% to the worth of agriculture besides contributing 11.39% directly to GDP. Population of livestock are cattle 44.4, Buffalo 37.7, Sheep 30.1, goat 72.2, Camel 1.1, Horses 0.4, Asses 5.2, Mules 0.2 millions. Asses population increased from 4.9 to 5.2 million while population of Camel, Horses and mules remained unchanged since last year. Horses along with mules and donkeys facing many managerial, nutritional, noninfectious and infectious diseases which decreases production and performance, out of which infectious diseases such as Glanders is life threatening and pose zoonotic potential to human beings specially care takers, veterinarian and public health. To monitor threat due to these asymptomatic carriers to animals and human beings and from places having decreases frequency of disease Glanders in equines, it is unavoidable to develop and optimize a highly specific and sensitive molecular test such as PCR, required to decrease the number of results which are false negative and false positive findings besides being fast and accurate. 200 nasal and blood samples of working equines (horses, mules and donkeys) were collected from the Bahawalpur, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Lahore and Multan at the sites of Brook hospital. All the samples were collected and transported to the WTO Quality Control Laboratory of UVAS, Lahore keeping in account the all microbiological hygienic and hazardous measures according to OIE protocols. All the animals were injected mallein PPD intra-dermally into the lower eyelid with the result noted after first and second day. Blood of animals were used for DNA extraction by commercially available DNA extraction kit. The extracted DNA were subjected to Gel Electrophoresis for integrity of the extracted DNA and then used further for amplification of target region of the DNA. The extracted DNA was used for the amplification of Flip IS407A gene region using the specific primers. Products of the PCR were visualized with UV light after electrophoresis of the gel and B. mallei was detected in only positive control. The study found high prevalence of the disease and existence of active nasal shedders in equines. The findings implicate importance of targeted surveillance in glanders suspected equines.