ناول کے عناصر ترکیبی:
ناول ادب کی ایک صنف ہے۔ناول اور داستان میں نمایاں فرق ہے ایسی مخصوص خصوصیات جو ناول کو داستان سے ممتاز کرتی ہیں وہ حقیقت نگاری ،فلسفیانہ گہرائی اور کردار کی اہمیت ہے۔جہاں تک حقیقت نگاری کی بات ہے تو حقیقت نگاری داستان میں بھی پائی جاتی ہے اور اسی طرح ناول بھی تخیل سے محفوظ نہیں ہے اس میں بھی تخیلاتی تصورات پائے جاتے ہیں۔ جس طرح داستان میں طویل قصے اور بے شمار کردار پائے جاتے ہیں اسی طرح ناول میں مختصر واقعات کے ساتھ ساتھ کرداروں کی بھرمار سیکنارہ کیا جاتاہے۔ داستان میں کہانی کا صرف ایک رخ سامنے آتا ہے اس کے برعکس ناول سوچ و تصور کی باز یافت یا ممکن حد تک ترتیب وتشکیل کے فرائض انجام دیتا ہے۔جہاں داستان میں مافوق الفطرت کردار پائے جاتے ہیں خارجی رشتوں جبکہ ناول میں خارجی کے ساتھ ساتھ باطنی حقیقتوں کا بھی گہرائی سے فلسفیانہ تکنیک کو مد نظر رکھتے ہوئے مطالعہ کیا جاتا ہے۔ناول میں کچھ خاص عناصر مقرر کیے جاتے ہیں جن پر ایک ناول اپنی بنیاد رکھتا ہے اس میں کہانی کے ساتھ’پلاٹ‘‘جو کہ نہایت مضبوط ہوناچاہیے۔اسی پہ ہی تمام کہانی کا دارومدارہوتاہے پھر’’حالات وواقعات‘‘جن کو بنیاد بناکر کہانی لکھی جاتی ہے۔کردار جو کہ معاشرے کے حقیقی کرداروں سے قریب تر ہوتے ہیں۔جن میں حقیقی زندگی کاعنصر موجود ہوتا ہے۔’’زمان ومکاں‘‘جو کہ کہانی کو ایک نیا موڑ دیتے ہیں۔پھر جو بہت ضروری عنصر جس پہ ناول کو اہمیت کا حامل سمجھا جاتا ہے وہ اس کا’’اسلوب‘‘ہوتاہے۔اسلوب بیان جو دل میں اتر جاتا ہے اور دماغ میں ایک دیرپا تاثر چھوڑجاتا ہے۔اسلوب کے بعد ’’نقطہ نظر‘‘ کی باری آتی ہے۔مصنف نے ناول میں جس بات کو مدنظر رکھ کراور جس نقطہ نظرسے لکھا ہوتا ہے اسے اہمیت حاصل ہوتی ہے۔ڈاکٹر احسن...
Mian Muhammadi (son of Hazrat Mian Umer) was a great sufi saint and Islamic scholar of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan in 19th century and born in a well known village “Chamkani” of district Peshawar. He was a multi dimensional personality of his time being a saint respectful to the all sects of Muslims, as a poet of Arabic and Pashto, and a scholar having a systematic program for publication of the books. He has authored a number of books in various fields of Islamic Studies and Shariah adopting a unique methodology in writing. He, the Mian Muhammadi, has spent his whole life in quenching the spiritual thirst of the local Muslim of that era on one hand, and spreading the knowledge on other hand. In the present paper, personal life, services as well as academic effects of this great saint have been discussed scholarly in order to bring forth his life sketch and contributions before the scholars.
Direct carbon fuel cell directly converts the chemical energy stored in the fuel (carbon) to electricity. It is a high-temperature fuel cell having practical efficiency of 80%, normally operates at or above 700 oC with significantly low CO2 emission compared to coal burning power plants which release large amount of notorious gases NO2, SO2 and CO2. In this PhD research work main objectives are to synthesize combination of efficient electrolytes and electrodes materials not only operational compatible with carbon fuel, but also are electrochemical stable, having high conductivity and should provide excellent performance. Further, this thesis is divided into three parts; Electrolytes, Electrodes and theoretical calculation. Therefore, commonly used coprecipitation technique has been employed to synthesize various electrolytes, calcium doped ceria, single carbonate- doped ceria, binary carbonate-doped ceria, and ternary carbonate-doped ceria, barium co-doped ceria, calcium co-doped ceria, magnesium co-doped ceria and strontium co-doped ceria. However, in addition to electrolytes mainly two types of electrodes known as oxides LiNiCuZnO (LNCZO), LiNiCuZnFeO (LNCZFO) and perovskite LaSrNiTiO3-d (LSNT), LaSrFeTiO3-d (LSFT), LaSrCoTiO3-d (LSCT) and LaSrZnTiO3-d (LSZT) have been prepared using sol-gel technique. The prepared materials are characterized using various structural techniques; X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy, Thermal analysis, UV-Visible spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, DC/AC conductivity and electrochemical performance. On the top of all characterization the XRD results reveal the prominent cubic structure of all the electrolytes and perovskite electrodes, whereas composite structure of LNCZO and LNCZFO is confirmed. Moreover, two types of carbon fuel categorized as coal based (lignite, bituminous, sub-bituminous) and waste biochar (walnut shells, almond shells) have been used to evaluate the overall electrochemical performance of direct carbon fuel cell (DCFC). xi Amongst all the discussed electrolytes (Li,Na)2CO3–doped ceria(LN-SDC) has shown the highest ionic conductivity of 0.31 Scm-1 with maximum performance of 617 mWcm-2 in combination of LNCZO electrode at 600 oC forhydrogen as fuel and air as oxidant. Secondly the combination of co-doped ceria electrolyte calcium co-doped ceria (CSDC) and LNCZFO electrode had depicted the performance of 630mWcm-2 at 650 oC with hydrogen fuel, where as co-doped ceria electrolyte (CSDC) has shown highest ionic conductivity of 0.124 Scm-1. Nevertheless in comparison above mentioned electrolytes LN-SDC with LNCZFO electrodes exhibited a performance of 58mWcm-2 for sub-bituminous fuel. Instead of obtained power densities of the cell comprised of cathode-electrolyte- anode (LSCF|LN-SDC|LSFT) are 78,73,57,29 and 26 mWcm-2 at 700 oC with fuel as sub-bituminous, walnut shells, almond shells, bituminous and lignite respectively. The prepared LSFT and LSCT also have been tested as cathode which shows good performance with carbon fuel. Further to elaborate, theoretical calculations using Density Functional Theory (DFT) technique are performed to co-relate the effect of structure, dopant radius, lattice constant of doped system, density of states and band gap with the experimental results and at some point both DFT simulation and experimental results have shown the best match in terms of increase in lattice constant by decreasing band gap