قرآن مجیدکے پانچ منظوم اردو تراجم کا تعارف و تجزیہ

This research article gives a brief introduction and analysis of five Urdu translations of the Holy Qur’ān. Qur’ānic translations are an important source of learning and understanding of Qur’ān. In Urdu the translations of the Holy Book started in late 16th Century A.D. The number of these translations is in hundreds till now, which include translations in Urdu prose and verse. The first rhymed Urdu translation of the Holy Quran was written in the last quarter of 18th Century A.D. At present these translations are in hundreds, including complete as well as partial translations. Most of the translations are in rhymed form, while some are in free verse also. In this article five complete Holy Qur’ān translations have been discussed. Main aim of the article is to introduce the poets and their translations, as well as brief analysis of the translations. The translations are; Asar Zubairi Lakhnavi's "Sehr ul Bayan", Syed Shamim Rajz's "Aab e Rawaan", Seemab Akbar Abadi's "Wahi e Manzum", Abdul Aziz Khalid's "Furqan e Javed" and  Qazi Ata ullah's "Mafhoom ul Quran". This article also explains how much the poets succeeded in presenting the message of Qur’ān. The merits and demerits of the translations have been highlighted. The article concludes that poetry, specially rhymed form, is not suitable for the translations of the Holy Book.

Automated Detection of Glaucoma from Fundus and Optical Coherence Tomography Images

Medical image analysis can play a substantial role in diagnosis of different medical problems. Glaucoma is an asymptomatic neurological disease. Oculists mostly use fundoscopy or OpticalCoherence-Tomography (O-C-T) to diagnose glaucoma.Fundoscopy can be used to analyse the external stratum of posterior part of the eye whereas, O-C-T imaging technology has the ability to analyse the internal stratums of posterior part of the eye.In this thesis, a Hybrid Computer Aided Diagnosis (H-CAD) system has been proposed that integrates both fundus and O-C-T imaging technologies for reliable diagnosis. Fundus module has a novel combination of hybrid structural and textural features. The system improves the decision making process after analysing a variety of glaucoma conditions. It further consists of two sub modules Hybrid Structural Feature-set (HSF) and Hybrid Texture Feature-set (HTF). HSF module calculates structural changes i.e. Cupto-Disc-Ratio (C-D-R) and classifies a sample using Support-Vector-Machine (S-V-M). HTF module analyses the textural properties of optic nerve head and again using S-V-M, makes a decision. In O-C-T module, C-D-R has been calculated on the base of the inner stratums of the retina. In the Cup Diameter Extraction (C-D-E) method, cup boundary has been marked on the base of Inner-Limiting-Membrane (I-L-M) stratum. The O-C-T module presents a new method to increase the accuracy of I-L-M stratum segmentation. It also introduces a new method to interpolate missing points on the extracted Upper-Surface of I-L-M stratum (?????). In addition, a novel technique to remove outliers from ????? has been applied. In Disc-Diameter-Extraction (D-D-E) process, Retinal-Pigment-Epithelium (R-P-E) stratum termination points have been used to locate disc margin. Earlier to R-P-E stratum segmentation, I-L-M stratum elimination has been done by a new approach to trace and eliminate I-L-M stratum. Finally, precise R-P-E stratum segmentation has been achieved on the base of new Thickness Value approximation technique. Furthermore, a novel standard for cup boundaries identification, on the base of mean value of R-P-E stratum terminations points is offered. A local-dataset of SD-O-C-T and fundus images annotated by four oculists has been used for evaluation of proposed H-CAD system. Each module ofH_CAD system classifies data independently. The final result of H-CAD system is determined based on decision of three diverse modules. The evaluations and results have shown that the final result of H_CAD system is more trustable than its contemporary automated models.