The Incident of September 11 (2001) & its Socio Political Implications on Pakistan

Abstract The paper identifies major changes in educational policies in Pakistan after the incident of September 11. It hoards the facts on the attack of September 11(2001) that had no direct link with Pakistan, but has changed the spectrum of regional policies and shifted the traditional way of learning with west-led agenda on the name of international standards. The study indicates major changes and shifts in the education policies and national curriculum as well as amendments in legal framework and laws including 18th Constitutional Amendment of 2010 and Article-25A of the Constitution of Pakistan. The struggle for uniform education system by various political and military governments throughout the history of Pakistan since independence is also scooped and a comprehensive view is provided on major policy changes and its impacts on education system in Pakistan. The research is based on analysis of primary and secondary sources of information. It is a mix of qualitative and quantitative research methods. Pakistan as a State still is in the list of developing countries and struggling with internal and external problems and their effects caused hurdles in the process of development and reforms in various sectors including education. Security remained one of the major subjects of focus for Pakistan for last many decades along with other administrative matters. The matters including economy, infrastructure development and strengthen democratic system in with democratic or dictator led governments whichever was the case of administration continued tackling with security and terrorism within the state as a top priority issue since 9/11. Pakistan’s investment on education sector remained poor in which resulted lagging behind of the country in all major development indicators. Education remained the core subject that bough up revolution in 21st century and hence has acquired greater importance around the world. After 18th Amendment, the duty of satisfactory spending on education consequently dwells with each province to have the capacity to satisfy Pakistan's national and international duties regarding education. The research encompassed efforts of Pakistan’s administration during various eras on national and international level to meet requirements of international standard education policies.

Estimation of Direction of Arrival for Adaptive Beamforming

Estimation of Direction of Arrival (DOA) of sources is a basic component of adaptive beamforming. The objective is to steer the main beam in the desired direction, while nulls are allocated in the direction of unwanted signals. It is an area of research which has got direct applications in radar, sonar, seismic exploration, mobile communication etc. Besides DOA estimation, amplitude, frequency and range are the other important parameters that need to be estimated. This dissertation is a contribution towards the above mentioned areas. These contributions are mainly divided into two parts. In first part, our contribution is to develop efficient schemes to jointly estimate the amplitude and DOA of the far field sources. Specifically, we have targeted the joint estimation of amplitude and 2-D DOA (elevation & azimuth angles) of far field sources impinging on 1-L and 2-L shape arrays. In the second part, we deal with near field sources impinging on uniform linear and centro-symmetric cross shape arrays. The basic tool applied to estimate these parameters are meta-heuristic or nature inspired algorithms, which are tailored and trained to solve the problem in hand. These techniques include Genetic algorithm, Particle swarm optimization, Differential evolution and Simulated Annealing. In order to improve the performance, the global search optimizers (meta-heuristic techniques) are hybridized with rapid local search optimization methods such as Pattern search, Interior point algorithm and Active set algorithm. We have used two fitness functions for the far field, as well as, for the near field sources. Initially, we have used Mean Square Error (MSE) as a performance evaluation criterion. This fitness function is based on maximum likelihood principle. The second fitness function is multi-objective, which is the combination of MSE and correlation between desired and estimated vectors after normalization. Both of the fitness functions are easy to implement and need a single snapshot to generate the results. They also avoid any ambiguity among the angles that are supplement to each other. The proposed hybrid schemes are compared with the individual responses of these algorithms and also with the traditional classical techniques available in the literature. The comparison parameters are chosen as the estimation accuracy, convergence, robustness against noise, MSE and proximity effects. To get the near optimum statistics, a large number of Monte-Carlo simulations are carried out for each scheme.