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Molecular Typing of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Mrsa from Pakistan, India and Kuwait

Thesis Info

Author

Waseem Shehzad Abbasi

Department

Deptt. of Biochemistry, QAU.

Program

PhD

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2011

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

xviii, 337

Subject

Biochemistry

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/Ph.D. BIO/2838

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 22:38:21

ARI ID

1676715016976

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ہوٹل والے کا بچہ

ہوٹل والے کا بچہ

اک ہوٹل والا بے چارہ
چائے ہے بناتا دن سارا
ہوٹل کا چولہا جلتا ہے
تو گھر کا چولہا چلتا ہے
اُس کا چھوٹا سا بیٹا ہے
دن سارا چائے دیتا ہے

برتن دھوتا تھک جاتا ہے
چائے دے دے اَک جاتا ہے
ہم دن بھر چائے پیتے ہیں
سب چھوٹو چھوٹو کہتے ہیں

اُس کے ہم عمر سبھی بچے
جاتے ہیں سکول اپنے اپنے
ہر شام پتنگ اڑاتے ہیں
پیزا ، برگر بھی کھاتے ہیں
کھیلیں ، کودیں ، بھاگیں ، دوڑیں
اک دوجے کے دھاگے توڑیں
چائے دینا ، برتن دھونا
کیا اُس بچے کی قسمت ہے؟

کتنے ایسے بچے ہیں جو
چھوٹو ، نکّو ، ساجو ، طوطی
بھولا ، بالا ، کالا ، جیلا
جانے کیا کیا کہلاتے ہیں
بچے یہ کہاں سے آتے ہیں؟

Obligingness to Leadership: A Case Study of the Qur’an

We can divide human beings into two categories: Leaders and Followers. Leaders are a few, the rest of the overwhelming majority of the human beings are followers. They show an earnest tendency of following or obligingness towards their leaders. This capacity of the following is exploited and abused by the egoist and toxic leaders to bring destruction to their followers and the world. The author of the paper tries to explore and determine the motives of obligingness or complaisance of blind following. The author studies this phenomenon in the light of theories of the hierarchy of needs by Abraham Maslow, The Situational Factor by Philip Zimbardo, the Function of Labeling by Albert Bandura and Ego Depletion by Michael Cholbi. These theories have earned good acceptance from the experts. The theories are found helpful to understand the mentality of leaders and their followers as described by the Qur’ān. These theories are applied to some selected cases from the Qur’ān to reach a better understanding of the phenomenon. The Qur’ān at many places describes and discusses this human tendency. It presents dialogue between the leaders and their blind followers in the life hereafter, the person of Pharaoh, his maneuvering, his courtiers, the common people of Egypt, the followers of pagan chieftains and their opposition to the prophets give us ample description to know how blind following actually works under the influence of leadership. The author hopes that this study helps understand the mentality of the present day leaders and their blind or complaisant followers.

Biodiversity of Diazotrophs in Rhizosphere of Potato Solanum Tuberosum L.

Potato is the third most important food crop which requires high fertilizer that leads to environmental pollution. The use of biofertilizer is environment friendly and cost effective hence is suitable for sustainable agriculture. In this study, 44 bacterial isolates including mostly Azospirillum, Bacillus, Brevundimonas, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas and Rhizobium spp. were isolated from potato rhizosphere of which 32 were able to fix atmospheric N2 and 29 showed indole acetic acid (IAA) production. Strains showed high metabolic and genetic diversity based on BioLog, ERIC and BOX-PCR analysis. Out of potential plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) tested for inoculation response in potato, it was observed that the N2 fixation (%Ndfa) decreases with the increase in applied N for Rhizobium sp. TN04 and Azospirillum sp. TN09 whereas no effect was observed for Azospirillum sp. TN03. Azospirillum sp. TN09 showed the highest %Ndfa among three tested isolates. Under field conditions, Azospirillum spp. TN03, TN09 and Rhizobium sp. TN04, Rhizobium sp. TN04 increased plant height (18%), dry weight (18.5%) tuber dry weight (14%) and tuber yield (19%). Azospirillum, Brevundimonas and Rhizobium spp. also maintain substantial population with potato roots. Metagenomics were employed to study total bacterial diversity in the rhizosphere of potato from major potato growing areas of Punjab, Pakistan showed that structural community (based on 16S rRNA) is almost similar across all the regions whereas functional diversity (based on nifH) of diazotrophs is mostly variable. Abundance of diazotrophs (108-1010 copies of nifH g-1 of soil) changed among regions. Pyrosequencing of nifH validated maximum diversity in Sheikhupura (446 species) whereas minimum in Gujranwala area (291 species). Overall in the potato rhizosphere, most abundant class was α-proteobacteria followed by β-proteobacteria. The study concludes that abundance of different genera varies across different regions due to many biotic and abiotic factors. Azospirillum spp. TN03, TN09 and Rhizobium sp. TN04 omnipresent and have potential to improve potato yield up to 15-19% subsequently saving 50% nitrogenous fertilizer, are recommended as potential candidates for biofertilizer production for potato crop. The study also shows that potato xvi harbor a diverse range of novel diazotrophs (not known earlier) which opens new horizons for future prospects.