A Comparative Study of Dawn and Jang with Special Regard to Agenda Setting Theory of Press: Ten Years before and after 9/11

The relationship between Pakistan and America has always been a focus of the media of both countries as well as the international media. Even a slight shift in the policies of these two countries for each other is capable of making newspaper headlines and attracting maximum attention of the press of both countries. This study is a comparative analysis of the editorial pages of daily Dawn (English) and daily Jang (Urdu) to explore the agenda setting role of two of Pakistan’s oldest and most credible newspapers, vis-à-vis the Pakistan-US relationship. The research takes into consideration a total of 20 years of Pakistan-US relations by dividing the period into two groups which are ten years before the incident of 9/11 and ten years after 9/11. This understudied period is specifically important because the relations between Pakistan and America during these phases have vacillated between periods of engagements, wherein Pakistan enjoyed the status of the most favoured ally without compromising its regional interest, and the periods of disengagements wherein Pakistan faced sanctions from the US and was left alone to deal with the aftermath of the Afghan war and the War on Terrorism. Hence, this study obtains interesting insights about how the two Pakistani newspapers which represent the Urdu and the English press of Pakistan highlighted the agenda-setting role of the press through the coverage of the issues between Pakistan and US on their editorial pages.

Numerical and Analytical Methods for Solving Fuzzy Differential Equations

This dissertation mainly intends to elucidate the concept of fuzzy theory on differential calculus. Differential calculus being the study of derivatives of functions at chosen input value has wide ranging practical applications to nearly all quantitative disciplines. Its advance development for fractional order derivatives has increased its significance in every area of science and engineering. While modeling ordinary and fractional differential equations of physical phenomenon, issues of every uncertainty is coped out by means of various theories, among which fuzzy theory is most popular. Specifically, fuzzy theory was designed to mathematically represent uncertainty and vagueness and to provide formalized tools for dealing with the imprecision intrinsic to many problems. This theory is proposed to make the membership function to operate over the range of real numbers [0, 1]. In this connection, here we have considered linear, non-linear, integer and fractional order differential models with uncertainty. Illustratively, exercises are constructed to present numerical-analytical solutions of initial value problems of fuzzy differential equations (FDEs) and fuzzy fractional differential equations (FFDEs). These differential equations are considered under strongly generalized Hukuhara differentiability. We proposed improved fractional Euler’s method (IFEM) and modified homotopy perturbation method (MHPM) for FFDEs. Also utilized max-min improved fractional Euler’s method and average improved fractional Euler’s method. Additionally, a novel operator method is investigated for the solution of linear FFDEs. Furthermore, we also dealt with the extension of applications of the new integral transform, Sumudu transform on FDEs and FFDEs. These methods are illustrated by solving several examples. Efficiency and exactness of results worked out are examined from the tables and graphs. The exact values are also simulated to compare and discuss the closeness and accuracy of approximations so obtained.