خادمِ نعت
سید صبیح رحمانی
(مدیر:نعت رنگ ، کراچی)
ڈاکٹر شہزاد احمد کا نام نعتیہ ادب کے خدمت گزاروں میں کسی تعارف کا محتاج نہیں۔انڈیا ہو یا پاکستان اہل نعت اُن کے نام اور کام سے خوب واقف ہیں۔ انھوں نے اوائل عمری ہی سے صنف نعت کے فروغ و ارتقا کے لیے بہت محنت کی ہے۔ابتدا میں اُن کی چھوٹی چھوٹی تالیفات سامنے آتی رہیں جو اپنے عہد میں نعتیہ شاعری کی جمع آوری اور نعت کے اشاعتی منظرنامے کو وسعت دینے کا سبب بنتی رہیں۔اُن کی ادارت میں ماہ نامہ’’حمدو نعت‘‘ کراچی کا اجرا ہوا جس نے تفہیم نعت میں اپنا حصہ ڈالا۔ بے شمار نعت کاروں ، نعت شناسوں اور نعت خوانوں پر لکھے گئے ان کے تعارفی مضامین ایک تسلسل سے سامنے آتے رہے جو آج محققینِ نعت کی تحقیقی ضرورتوں کو پورا کرنے میں آسانیوں کا سبب بن رہے ہیں۔ کراچی و حیدرآباد کے نعت گو شعرا پرمضامین کی صورت میں اُن کے تفصیلی تذکرے اپنی اولیت اور افادیت کے پہلو سے اہمیت کے حامل ہونے کی وجہ سے یادگار قرارپائے ۔اُن کا کاروانِ ذوق و شوق آگے بڑھتا رہااور انھوں نے مزید کئی منزلیں کامیابی سے طے کیں۔ اُن کا تحقیقی مقالہ’’اردو نعت پاکستان میں‘‘سامنے آیا جسے اب اپنے موضوع پر کتابِ حوالہ کی حیثیت حاصل ہے اور پھر’’ ایک سوایک پاکستانی نعت گو شعرا ، اساسِ نعت گوئی، انوارِ عقیدت اور اُردو میں نعتیہ صحافت‘‘ جیسی اہم کتابوں کی اشاعت کے ساتھ اُردو کے کئی نامور شعرا کے کلیات نعت کی ترتیب و تدوین نے انھیں نعت شناسی کے معاصر منظرنامے میں ایک الگ تشخص عطا کیا ہے۔میں سمجھتا ہوں یہ سب اُن کے اخلاص اور مسلسل محنت کا پھل ہے۔یہ بات یقین سے کہی جا سکتی ہے کہ اب پاکستان میں فروغِ نعت کا کوئی جائزہ ڈاکٹر شہزاد احمد...
In comparison to the production of physical currency, e-money is a commodity that is provided by banks or financial-sector firms, such as paypal. Then the transaction and investment processes shifted with technical advancements. Today, cryptocurrencies seem to render commerce and transaction structures simpler. The invention of electronic money would help young people expand, given the universal usage of transaction resources to promote goods owned by business owners in all international countries. The blockchain mechanism will operate separately, apart from the transaction speed, without any agency regulating or manipulating all continuing transactions.
This research has investigated the teachers’ job satisfaction and the role of secondary principals in the context of Pakistan, which has an ultimate impact on student achievement in a positive way. In fact, the goal is to improve the quality of education and improve the student performance in schools as the teachers’ satisfaction can improve the student performance, the research also indicates that creating a school culture that fosters open communication, provides a trusting atmosphere and a positive environment where teachers are satisfied with their jobs is an excellent place for the students to learn. This research has followed the studies done by Pettis (2017) on the relationship of employee’s perception of Administrator’s Leadership Style and their perceived empowerment in USA and found that, in higher education institutions, administrators that use transformational leadership style increased the faculty and staff’s perceived psychological empowerment. The study also followed Tobias (2017) that researched upon the relationship between Teachers’ Preferred Leadership Behaviors, and Teacher Job Satisfaction in the context of USA and hence found no statistically significant relationship between principal leadership behaviors and teachers’ job satisfaction. Hence, this study has taken some of the elements of the above studies and researched upon them in the context of Pakistan. The research was based upon the postpositivism philosophy and has used the quantitative paradigm with probabilistic sampling design, and it was cross-sectional in nature. The research has used the stratified random sampling and the teachers have been chosen based on the data provided by Sindh Education Statistics Report (2015-16). This study has targeted on the secondary school population as the main area of research is about the secondary schools. Karachi is divided into 6 districts and total teaching staff hired is 11,731. Hence, the sample size was chosen to be 5% (586) of the total teaching staff hired in public schools in Karachi as mentioned in the population size. It has been revaled by applying two statistical techniques Pearson and Spearman on the study hypotheses that, first hypothesis has been proved as all elemements of independent variables are co-related with the overall job satisfaction of Secondary school teachers as p value is less than 0.05. Although, Principals’ empowerment, accountability, courage are moderatly corelated with teachers job satisfction having the relationship stregnth almost or more than 50% in both tests results. Although, in the case of second hypothesis, it has been observed that, the components of job satifaction namely job supervison, colleagues, remuneration, responsibility, advancmeent, recognition are statistically significant with more than one independent variable elements: principals’ empowerment, accountability and courage and standing back. However, However, the strength of relationship between principals’ empowerment, accountability and courage and job supervision has found to be moderate in nature while weak in all other cases. Moreover, the thid hypothesis is also accepted as job supervision, remuneration, advancement and responsibility are statistically significant with the Transactional leadership style as their correlation value of both Pearson and Spearman is less than 0.05. However, colleagues and recognition are not found to be co-related with the transactional leadership. Although, job supervision, remuneration, and responsibility strength of relationship is weak in nature with the Transactional leadership style. However, advancement characteristics is found to be having moderate strength of relationship with the Transactional leadership style. However, the fourth and second last hypothesis is also accepted as job supervision, remuneration, advancement and responsibility are found to be statistically significant with the Transformational leadership style. Neverthesless, recognition is found to be negatively co-related with the Transformational leadership. However, colleagues’ characteristics is found to be statistically co-related with the Transformational leadership style only in Pearson correlation test. But, recognition is found to be statistically negatively co-related in both tests. Last but not the least, the fifth Hypothesis has also been proved as more than one of the variables is statistically significant with the moderate variable. It is to observed that job supervision and responsibility are statistically significant with the Laissez-faire leadership style as their correlation value of both Pearson and Spearman is less than 0.05. However, the colleagues and remuneration are also found to be statistically co-related with the Laissez-faire leadership style in Pearson correlation test. Although, job supervision, colleagues, remuneration and responsibility are negatively corelated in both statistical tests but, their strength of relationship is found to be weaker in nature with the Laissez-faire leadership style. However, advancement and recognition both are found not to be statistically co-related with the Laissez-faire leadership style. At the end, the research suggests that principal attitude have a significant impact on the job performance of teachers as a whole and the academic performance of their students in Pakistan. Hence, it can be concluded at the end of this study that, principals and teachers need to work together to provide an atmosphere that is conducive to the education process of Pakistan.