مولانا ظفر علی خان
افسوس ہے کہ گذشتہ مہینہ ۲۷؍ نومبر کو مولانا ظفر علی خان نے بھی سفر آخرت کیا، ان کی موت سے ایک اہم تاریخی یادگار مٹ گئی، وہ پرانے نامور علیگ اور مولانا شبلی مرحوم کے شاگرد تھے، نئی نسل ان کی اہمیت اور ان کے کارناموں کا اندازہ کر ہی نہیں سکتی، ایک زمانہ میں پورا ہندوستان ان کی شہرت سے گونجتا تھا، اور سیاست و صحافت، انشاء و خطابت، سخن وری سخن سنجی ہر میدان میں ان کا طوطی بولتا تھا، وہ اپنے زمانہ کے بڑے جری، دلیر، پرجوش اور سرفروش لیڈر، شعلہ بیان خطیب، سحرطراز ادیب اور قادر الکلام و نکتہ سنج شاعر تھے، ان کے قلم اور زبان دونوں میں سیلاب کا جوش و خروش تھا، اپنی تحریر و تقریر سے طوفان بپا کردیتے تھے، ملک و ملت کی راہ میں ان کے بڑے کارنامے اور بڑی قربانیاں ہیں، ان کے زمانہ میں کوئی مذہبی و ملی اور قومی و سیاسی تحریک ایسی نہ تھی، جس میں ان کا سرگرم حصہ نہ رہتا ہو، وہ اس زمانہ میں انگریزی حکومت سے ٹکرلیتے تھے، جب اس کے جلال و جبروت کا آفتاب نصف النہار پر تھا، اور بڑے بڑے لیڈر اعتدال سے باہر قدم نکالنے کی ہمت نہ کرتے تھے اور اس راہ میں جانی و مالی ہر قسم کی قربانیاں کیں اور برسوں قید و بند کی مصیبتیں جھلیں۔
ان کا اخبار زمیندار اپنے زمانہ کا اردو کا سب سے مشہور اور ممتاز اخبار تھا، ہندوستان خصوصاً مسلمانوں کی بیداری میں اس کا بڑا حصہ ہے، اس نے جس قدر مالی نقصان برداشت کیا ہے، اس کی مثال اردو اخباروں میں نہیں مل سکتی، زمیندار کا ادارہ صحافت کی مستقل تربیت گاہ تھا، پنجاب کے اکثر اخبار نویس اسی ادارہ کے تربیت یافتہ ہیں، قادر الکلامی میں اکبر کے...
The concept of keeping wealth in a safe place dates to centuries. Ancient civilizations had diverse means of storing wealth in the form of crops, cattle, precious metals etc. The evolution of modern banking practice began with the introduction of receipts which were exchanged against precious metals and coins deposited to goldsmiths for safe keeping. Whenever the need for payments and transactions arose the holder of the receipts used to utilize the receipts as guarantee. The society used to honor these receipts as they carried the same weight as other precious metals. Receipts were swapped in place of precious metals and thus for all practical purposes paper was introduced as currency in the society. With the advent of currency notes the system of traditional banking came into being. Since then the banking system has gone through continuous change. The present banking system is geared up to meet the present and the future requirements of modern age. In the contemporary world money is now being steadily replaced by banknotes, cheques, pay orders, bank draft, ATM cards, debit cards, credit cards, e-banking.
Pakistan is suffering from shortage of surface supplies, which is being overcome by the conjunctive use of good quality ground water for growing cereals in irrigated areas and use of sewage/ industrial effluents for raising vegetables in city conurbations. The farmers get good vegetable yields with sewage water as it contains large amount of organic matter and plant nutrients. However, sewage also contains some metals which could be potentially toxic for biological life. The amount of each metal accumulated in plant depends on the quality of sewage used for irrigation. The metals which have been identified in sewage include chromium, cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, zinc, cobalt, magnesium, iron and arsenic. This study was carried out in Rawalpindi area with the objective to quantify the heavy metal accumulation in different vegetables and soils irrigated with sewage. Study was carried out in two different stages. In the first stage, field survey was carried out during 2003 and 2004. During this survey, water samples from different irrigation sources such as tubewells, wells, minidams and sewage were collected. Vegetable leaf samples and soil samples (0-30 cm depth) were obtained from the fields from where water samples were collected. The collected samples were processed following standard procedures and were analysed for lead, cadmium, chromium and nickel. After the survey work, three experimental sites having good quality tubewell water and sewage were selected in Taxila, Rawalpindi and Gujar Khan area. In the second stage, field experiments on the selected sites were conducted in Rabi, 2004 and Kharif, 2005. At each site, three treatments were tested viz, T1 = sewage irrigation, T2 = sewage and tubewell irrigation alternativeely, T3 = tubewell irrigation. Each treatment was replicated thrice following two factor factorial design. The plot size was 10 x 5 meter square. Cauliflower was xx sown in august, 2004 and spinach was sown in November, 2004. Okra and squash were sown in march, 2005. Each field was irrigated with measured quantity of water depending upon their crop water requirements. Water samples were collected before irrigation. Soil samples were collected from 0-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm depth before and after each season. Leaves samples were collected after 30, 60 and 90 days and fruit samples were collected after 90 days of crop germination. The collected soil, water and plant samples were analyzed for lead, cadmium, chromium and nickel along with zinc, iron, copper and manganese. The survey data showed variation in heavy metals concentration of different water sources. All water samples for lead were within safe limits. Heavy metals in tubewell irrigated vegetables were below the safe limits and in sewage and industrial effluents irrigated vegetables were above the safe limits. Heavy metals in soil samples irrigated with different water sources were below the critical levels. The field experimental data showed that due to sewage application, lead and copper contents were much higher in leaves of spinach, leaves and fruits of cauliflower, okra and squash as compared to tubewell irrigation at Taxila, Gujjar Khan and Rawalpindi sites. Cadmium accumulation in all the vegetables irrigated with sewage at all the three sites were also much higher as compared to tubewell irrigation, but found less than lead and higher than chromium. Like all the heavy metals, nickel showed the similar trend for its accumulation in all the vegetables. The accumulations of all metals in vegetables irrigated with alternate treatment were even lower than those irrigated with sewage and higher than tubewell irrigation. Similarly, heavy metals accumulation in soil and vegetables were maximum at Taxila site, as the sewage used for irrigation was more contaminated as compared to other sites.