خصائص الاسلام فی تامین الامن والسلام

This article focuses onthose special attributes of Islām, which distinguishes it from other religions with respect to peacekeeping, i. E., the rules and ethics, which inculcate peace and tranquility in the soul and mind of an individual and society. Islām is the pioneer of all the religions that emphasize upkeeping of peaceful relations between their followers and others without any discrimination. The connotations of the word Islām and the implications of its various synonyms, its ethical teachings, rules and laws_ all convey the message of peace. Therefore, a true believer is supposed to be the one, who is endowed with peace. To sustain harmony in the society, Islām prohibits mischief, tribulations, aggression and violation of human rights, such as freedom of religion and life. Likewise, Islām prohibits undue offences against any religion, defiling religious beliefs and the holy books, derogatory remarks against any sacred and reverend personage, and extortion, theft, robbery, usury, etc. The second discourse of this article deals with the Islamic salutations. The objectives of Sharī‘ah, in this regard, are to promote good will, alleviate alienation of addressees, invite non-believers to Islām and augment peaceful relations and coexistence with others. The last section of this discourse deals with the injunctions, related to the rules and ethics of warfare as instructed by Islām.

Determinants of Operational Risk of Microfinance Banks in Pakistan

This study was conducted to analyse the determinants of operational risk because it was almost uncovered area and has a significant impact on sustainability of Microfinance Banks in Pakistan. Operational risk is everywhere whether the organization is big or small, profitable or not. It cannot be eliminated but it can be minimized by the operations to take the optimal level of output. Primary data was used in this research. It was collected through survey from management of Microfinance Banks from different places of Pakistan. Questionnaire with 5-point Likert scale was used as data collection tool. For the processing of data descriptive and inferential statistics was used. From inferential statistics comparison of mean score and ordinal logistic regression was used. Results show that Human Resource, Information Technology, Consumer Financial Literacy and Internal Control System have significant relationship with the Microfinance Banks and odd ratios show that Internal Control System has high positive impact on Microfinance Banks which leads towards decrease in operational risk. Human Resource has lowest impact on Microfinance banks of Pakistan. Microfinance banks are the function of operational risk. It is linked with operational performance of Microfinance Banks. Good Human Resource, Information Technology, Consumer Financial Literacy and Internal Control System may reduce the operational risk and as a result performance of MFB's can be better.