غیر مسلموں کے حقوق  اور انسانی جان کی حرمت : عہدِ نبویﷺ و خلفائے راشدین کی روشنی میں

غیر مسلموں کے حقوق  اور انسانی جان کی حرمت : عہدِنبویﷺو خلفائےراشدین کی روشنی میں Islam guarantees the protection of life, property, honour, and dignity of all the members of society, regardless of their religion, colour, race or ethnicity. Sanctity of human life is the fundamental issue and Islam emphasized on it the most. Holy Quran declared the murder of a single person as the killing of all humanity. Islam always secured the rights of non-Muslims. Protecting the lives, dignity and property of non-Muslim living in an Islamic state is a duty of a Muslims in general and the Islamic State in particular. The manner in which the rights of non-Muslims were protected in the era of the Prophet (S.A.W) and the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs is unprecedented. The Prophet (S.A.W) gave this protection constitutional and legal status through his teachings and practice. Our Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) declared that “The one who killed any Dhmmī would not get the fragrance of Paradise though its fragrance can be sensed at a distance of forty years journey”. In the era of the righteous caliphs, the rights of non-Muslims were also safeguarded. This article is a description of the rights of non-Muslims with reference to the sanctity of human life in Islam. It also throws light on the unique teachings of Islam regarding the fundamental rights of minorities in the period of the Prophet and the Rightly Guided Caliphs. A descriptive and analytical research methodology will be used in this research to obtain results and recommendations. The expected results and recommendations of the study will guide the Muslims and non-Muslims to harmonize the social set up around the globe.

Numerical Solutions of Unsteady Models of Non-Newtonian Fluids

The aim of this thesis is to examine the unsteady effects in the two or three dimensional boundary layer flow of non-Newtonian fluids along with the presence of different physical factors. Heat and mass transfer is involved with first order chemical reaction. In some cases, soret and dufour effects are also investigated. The flow models are explained in terms of continuity, momentum, energy, concentration equations which are converted into dimensionless form by using similarity transformation. Solutions are then obtained by an analytic-numeric technique Homotopy analysis method (HAM) and then comparison is shown by using Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg algorithm with shooting method. Convergence of solution and graphs of error analysis are also included to check the authenticity. Study of motion of the fluid’s behavior with heat and diffusion processes are depicted vividly through graphs and tables against different pertinent parameters. It is observed that magnetic force always slows down the velocity rate and presence of Casson and Maxwell parameter enhances the thermal and solute boundary layer as compared to the steady model. In Chapter 2, an endeavor is applied to observe the approximate solutions of unsteady two-dimensional boundary layer flow with heat and mass transfer behavior of Casson fluid past a stretching sheet in presence of wall mass transfer and 1st order chemical reaction. After adopting the similarity transformation; Homotopy analysis method (HAM) is applied to solve these ordinary differential equations. Numerical work is done carefully with a wellknown software MATHEMATICA for the examination of non-dimensional velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles, and then results are presented graphically. It is observed that involvement of time dependent factor reduces the thermal but enhances the solute boundary layer as compared to the steady model. v The Chapter 3 is useful to investigate the analytic-numeric solutions of an unsteady 3-D MHD Casson fluid flow which is embedded in a porous medium past a stretching sheet under the heat transfer influence. The similarity transformation is adopted to convert the partial differential equations of current model into its dimensionless form. Then, it is solved by employing an algorithm of a powerful technique Homotopy analysis method (HAM). After that, solutions are compared by invoking Runge-Kutta based shooting method. The theme of Chapter 4 is to study the first-order chemically reacting Maxwell fluid past a stretching sheet embedded in a porous medium with the discussion of wall mass transfer and Soret, Dufour effects. HAM is invoked on the dimensionless form of flow model for the series solution; where numerical simulation is carried out by a powerful software MATHEMATICA. Furthermore, the impact of disparate physical parameters on the flow, temperature and concentration profiles are shown vividly. Errors graphs are also there to show the authenticity of results. At the end, in Chapter 5, a precise note or conclusion related to whole of my thesis is provided.