Medical Students’ Views on Medical Ethics Education-A Mixed Method Study

Background: Medical Ethics (ME) is considered an integral component of medical education around the world. However, limited training is being offered to medical students in Pakistan. Objectives: This study was designed to evaluate medical students' perspectives regarding medical ethics and to explore their experiences about medical ethics as a subject at a private medical college in Lahore, where Medical Ethics was formally introduced as part of the undergraduate curriculum in 2017. Methods: This mixed-method study included medical students from all five years of medical college. Quantitative component included a survey questionnaire, and the sample size was 410.  Convenient sampling technique was used. Qualitative component included focus group discussions. The students who have attended medical ethics lectures were included in the study. Results: The response rate was 82.72%. There were more females in gender distribution; 76.1% were female and 23.9% were male. Most respondents (74.9%) found medical ethics classes interesting and 72% thought that lecture sessions were important in medical ethics. Conclusions: Medical students find medical ethics as an important component of medical education. Although it is hard to correlate ethics education with their clinical experience as medical students, they believe that medical ethics education can be useful. Social and cultural issues inform clinical decision-making in Pakistan and hence these discussions should be incorporated into medical education. Further studies must be conducted on the actions that need to be taken to help students internalize the ethical issues.

Agro-Psychological Studies of Wheat Triticum Aestivum L. under Different Management System

A study on "Agro Physiological study of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under different management systems” was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Serai Nourang (Bannu), NWFP – Pakistan for 2-years during 2003-04 and 2004-05. This study comprised four research experiments. An experiment entitled “To study the effect of irrigation levels under various nitrogen levels” were studied, during this experiment five irrigation levels (120 mm, 230 mm, 360 mm, 470 mm and 600 mm) and five nitrogen doses (Control, 40 kg ha -1 , 80 kg ha -1 , 120 kg ha -1 and 140 kg ha -1 ) were evaluated. Data recorded from the irrigation treatments revealed that maximum (688.45) tillers m -2 , leaf area index (1.66), grains spike -1 (70.57), 1000-grain weight (47.98 g), grain yield (2677.00 kg ha -1 ), biological yield (13978.00 kg ha -1 ), protein in gains (11.91 %), protein (6.64 %), net income (Rs. 39300.00), BCR (3.27 %) and MRR % (327.35) was noted from the plots irrigated with 470 mm water. Identical results were observed during 2004-05 and mean of both year. Statistical analysis of the data also revealed that nitrogen doses significantly affected all parameters except harvest index. It can be inferred from the data showed that maximum (713.50) tillers m -2 , leaf area index (1.74), grains spike -1 (67.06), 1000-grain weight (47.47 g), grain yield (2806.75 kg ha -1 ), biological yield (10817.13 kg ha -1 ), protein in gains (11.49 %), protein (6.33 %), net income (Rs. 34844.00), BCR (2.96 %) and MRR % (296.11) was noted from the plots fertilized with 120 kg N ha -1 . The same trend was followed during 2004-05 and pooled data. In case of interaction between irrigation and nitrogen it was observed that maximum (843.00) tillers m -2 , leaf area index (1.61), grains spike -1 (74.90), 1000-grain weight (49.72 g), grain yield (3150.00 kg ha -1 ), biological yield (16260.00 kg ha -1 ), protein in gains (15.02 %), protein (14.94 %), net income (Rs. 48087.00), BCR (3.65 %) and MRR % (364.685) was noted from the plots irrigated with 470 mm water and fertilized with 120 kg N ha - 1 . Similar trend was observed in 2004-05 and in two years average VIIIThe 2 nd experiment was conducted to study the response of wheat to various irrigation levels and different seed rates, five irrigation levels (I 1 = 120 mm, I 2 = 230 mm, I 3 = 360 mm, I 4 = 470 mm and I 5 = 600 mm) and five seed rates (S 1 = 60 kg ha -1 , S 2 = 80 kg ha -1 , S 3 = 100 kg ha - 1 , S 4 = 120 kg ha -1 and S 5 = 140 kg ha -1 ) were used.. Data recorded from the irrigation treatments revealed that maximum (362.35) tillers m -2 , grains spike -1 (64.80), leaf area index (4.24), 1000- grain weight (43.19 g), grain yield (3130.00 kg ha -1 ), biological yield (13167.50 kg ha -1 ), net income (Rs. 44283.00), BCR (3.71 %) and MRR % (370.82) was noted from the plots irrigated with 470 mm water. The same trend was followed during 2004-05 and pooled data. Statistical analysis of the data also revealed that seed rates were significantly affected all parameters except biological yield and harvest index. It can be inferred from the data showed that maximum ((346.10) tillers m -2 , grains spike -1 (62.70), leaf area index (4.08), 1000-grain weight (43.15 g), grain yield (3160.00 kg ha -1 ), biological yield (10403.00 kg ha -1 ), net income (Rs. 39967.00), BCR (3.46 %) and MRR % (345.95) was noted from the plots seeded with 120 kg ha -1 . In 2004- 05 and both year average, almost the same trend was observed. In case of interaction between irrigation and seed rate it was observed that maximum (386.25) tillers m -2 , grains spike -1 (70.00), leaf area index (4.78), 1000-grain weight (45.20 g), grain yield (3800.00 kg ha -1 ), biological yield (14287.50 kg ha -1 ), net income (Rs. 54043.00), BCR (4.26 %) and MRR % (426.35) was noted from the plots irrigated with 470 mm water and seed rate was used @ 120 kg ha -1 . Similar trend was observed in 2004-05 and in two years average. Identical results were observed during 2004-05 and mean of both years An experiment entitled “Yield and yield components of wheat as affected by different seed rates and nitrogen levels” was conducted during 2003-04 and 2004-05. Five seed rates (S 1 = 60 kg ha -1 , S 2 = 80 kg ha -1 , S 3 = 100 kg ha -1 , S 4 = 120 kg ha -1 and S 5 = 140 kg ha -1 ) and five nitrogen doses (N 0 = Control, N 1 = 40 kg ha -1 , N 2 = 80 kg ha -1 , N 3 = 120 kg ha -1 and N 5 = 140 kg ha -1 ) were applied. Analysis of the data recorded from the irrigation treatments showed that maximum (334.85) tillers m -2 , leaf area index (4.50), grains spike -1 (60.80), 1000-grain weight (41.91 g), grain yield (3957.64 kg ha -1 ), biological yield (10172.40 kg ha -1 ), protein in gains (7.13 %), protein (6.90 %), net income (Rs. 50225.00), BCR (4.28 %) and MRR % (428.27) was noted from the plots which were seeded with 120 kg ha -1 . Identical results were observed during 2004-05 and mean of both years. Statistical analysis of the data also revealed maximum (348.00) tillers m -2 , leaf area index (4.42) grains spike -1 (63.90), 1000-grain weight (42.19 g), grain yield IX(4145.14 kg ha -1 ), biological yield (10579.75 kg ha -1 ), protein in gains (9.87 %), protein (8.09 %), net income (Rs. 52831.00), BCR (4.46 %) and MRR % (446.21) was noted from the plots fertilized with 120 kg N ha -1 . The same trend was followed during 2004-05 and pooled data. In case of interaction between irrigation and nitrogen it was observed that maximum (380.75) tillers m -2 , leaf area index (5.39), grains spike -1 (68.25), 1000-grain weight (44.20 g), grain yield (4663.20 kg ha -1 ), biological yield (11270.00 kg ha -1 ), protein in gains (11.82 %), protein (13.55 %), net income (Rs. 60179.00), BCR (4.88 %) and MRR % (488.25) was noted from the plots seeded with 120 kg ha -1 seed rate and fertilized with 120 kg N ha -1 , while maximum leaf area index (1.57) was recorded from the plots seeded with 120 kg ha -1 and fertilized with 80 kg N ha - 1 . Similar trend was observed in 2004-05 and in two year average The 4 th experiment was conducted to study the response of different wheat varieties to various seed rates. The experiment consists of five different wheat varieties (V 1 = Nasir - 2k, V 2 = Salim - 2k, V 3 = Bakhtawar-92, V 4 = Fakhre-e-Sarhad and V 5 = Lucky J-03) were sown at five various seed rates (S1 = 60 kg ha -1 , S 2 = 80 kg ha -1 , S 3 = 100 kg ha -1 , S 4 = 120 kg ha -1 and S 5 = 140 kg ha -1 ). Data recorded from the varieties treatments revealed that maximum tillers m -2 (377.30), leaf area index (4.10), grains spike -1 (68.05), 1000-grain weight (45.24 g), grain yield (4022.50 kg ha -1 ), biological yield (16660.92 kg ha -1 ), net income (Rs. 61921.00), BCR (4.99 %) and MRR % (499.49) was noted from the plots sown with variety Fakhre Sarhad . The same trend was followed during 2004-05 and pooled data. Statistical analysis of the data also revealed that seed rates were significantly affected all parameters except biological yield and harvest index. It can be inferred from the data showed that maximum ((369.20) tillers m -2 , grains spike -1 (65.30), leaf area index (4.03), 1000-grain weight (45.30 g), grain yield (4222.80 kg ha -1 ), biological yield (15030.53 kg ha -1 ), net income (Rs. 62119.00), BCR (5.18 %) and MRR % (518.03) was noted from the plots seeded with 120 kg ha -1 . In 2004-05 and in two years average, almost the same trend was observed. In case of interaction between varieties and seed rate it was observed that maximum (420.25) tillers m -2 , leaf area index (4.79), grains spike -1 (74.00), 1000-grain weight (47.33 g), grain yield (4676.25 kg ha -1 ), biological yield (19535.16 kg ha -1 ), net income (Rs. 66863.00), BCR (5.47 %) and MRR % (546.95) was noted from the plots sown with Fakhre Sarhad and seed rate was used @ 120 kg ha -1 . Similar trend was observed in 2004-05 and in two year average. Identical results were observed during 2004-05 and mean of both years.